Editing Periscope (section)

==Early examples==
[[Johannes Hevelius]] described an early periscope (which he called a "polemoscope") with lenses in 1647 in his work ''[[Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio]]'' [Selenography, or an account of the Moon]. Hevelius saw military applications for his invention.

[[Mikhail Lomonosov]] invented an "optical tube" which was similar to a periscope. In 1834, it was used in a submarine, designed by Karl Andreevich Schilder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=H I Sutton - Covert Shores |url=http://www.hisutton.com/Schilder-1838-Rocket-Armed-Submarine.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.hisutton.com}}</ref>

In 1854, [[Hippolyte Marié-Davy]] invented the first naval periscope, consisting of a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. [[Simon Lake]] used periscopes in his submarines in 1902. [[Howard Grubb|Sir Howard Grubb]] perfected the device in World War I.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120710154316/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blperiscope.htm The History of the Periscope – Inventors]. About.com</ref> [[Morgan Robertson]] (1861–1915) claimed<ref>Robertson, Morgan (March 26, 1913) ''[[The Daily Gazette|The Schenectady Gazette]]'', Friday morning, p. 19
</ref> to have tried to patent the periscope: he described a submarine using a periscope in his fictional works.

Periscopes, in some cases fixed to [[Periscope rifle|rifles]], served in [[World War I]] (1914–1918) to enable [[Soldier|soldiers]] to see over the tops of [[Trench warfare|trenches]], thus avoiding exposure to enemy fire (especially from snipers).<ref name="FIRST">Willmott, H.P. (2003) 
''First World War''. [[Dorling Kindersley]]. p. 111. {{ISBN|1405300299}}
</ref> The [[periscope rifle]] also saw use during the war – this was an infantry rifle sighted by means of a periscope, so the shooter could aim and fire the weapon from a safe position below the trench parapet.

During [[World War II]] (1939–1945), artillery observers and officers used specifically manufactured periscope binoculars with different mountings. Some of them also allowed estimating the distance to a target, as they were designed as [[stereoscopic rangefinder]]s.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

{{Gallery
|title=Early examples
|align=center
|Image:Periscope rifle Gallipoli 1915.jpg|[[Australian Light Horse]] troops using a [[periscope rifle]], [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]], 1915. Photograph by [[Ernest Brooks (photographer)|Ernest Brooks]].
|File:An Auxiliary Periscope for Submarines (cropped).png|An Auxiliary Periscope for Submarines from ''The Electrical Experimenter'', Vol. IV, No. 38., 1916
|File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-198-1363-29A, Russland, Artillerie-Beobachtung.jpg|A team of German [[artillery observer]]s using  [[periscope binoculars]], 1943
}}