Editing Permian (section)

==Etymology and history==
Prior to the introduction of the term ''Permian'', rocks of equivalent age in Germany had been named the [[Rotliegend]] and [[Zechstein]], and in Great Britain as the [[New Red Sandstone]].<ref name="Benton-2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Benton|first1=Michael J.|last2=Sennikov|first2=Andrey G.|date=2021-06-08|title=The naming of the Permian System|url=https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2021/06/04/jgs2021-037|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|volume=179|language=en|doi=10.1144/jgs2021-037|s2cid=235773352|issn=0016-7649|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-08-18|archive-date=2021-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213162324/https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2021/06/04/jgs2021-037|url-status=live}}</ref>

The term ''Permian'' was introduced into [[geology]] in 1841 by [[Roderick Murchison|Sir Roderick Impey Murchison]], president of the [[Geological Society of London]], after extensive Russian explorations undertaken with [[Édouard de Verneuil]] in the vicinity of the [[Ural Mountains]] in the years 1840 and 1841. Murchison identified "vast series of beds of [[marl]], [[schist]], [[limestone]], [[sandstone]] and conglomerate" that succeeded [[Carboniferous]] strata in the region.<ref>Benton, M.J. et al., [http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Benton/reprints/2010Murchison.pdf Murchison's first sighting of the Permian, at Vyazniki in 1841] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/66OtlfmmP?url=http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Benton/reprints/2010Murchison.pdf |date=2012-03-24 }}, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, accessed 2012-02-21</ref><ref>Murchison, Roderick Impey (1841) [https://books.google.com/books?id=1U8wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA417 "First sketch of some of the principal results of a second geological survey of Russia"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716091930/https://books.google.com/books?id=1U8wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA417 |date=2023-07-16 }} ''Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science'', series 3, '''19''' : 417–422. From p. 419: "The carboniferous system is surmounted, to the east of the Volga, by a vast series of marls, schists, limestones, sandstones and conglomerates, to which I propose to give the name of "Permian System," … ."</ref> Murchison, in collaboration with Russian geologists,<ref>{{Citation|last1=Henderson|first1=C. M.|title=Chapter 24 - The Permian Period|date=2012-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044459425900024X|work=The Geologic Time Scale|pages=653–679|editor-last=Gradstein|editor-first=Felix M.|place=Boston|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00024-x|isbn=978-0-444-59425-9|quote=In 1841, after a tour of Russia with French paleontologist Edouard de Verneuil, Roderick I. Murchison, in collabo- ration with Russian geologists, named the Permian System|access-date=2022-02-01|last2=Davydov and|first2=V. I.|last3=Wardlaw|first3=B. R.|last4=Gradstein|first4=F. M.|last5=Hammer|first5=O.|editor2-last=Ogg|editor2-first=James G.|editor3-last=Schmitz|editor3-first=Mark D.|editor4-last=Ogg|editor4-first=Gabi M.|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201094755/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044459425900024X|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> named the period after the surrounding Russian region of Perm, which takes its name from the medieval kingdom of [[Great Perm|Permia]] that occupied the same area hundreds of years prior, and which is now located in the [[Perm Krai]] administrative region.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Henderson|first1=C. M.|title=Chapter 24 - The Permian Period|date=2012-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044459425900024X|work=The Geologic Time Scale|pages=654|editor-last=Gradstein|editor-first=Felix M.|place=Boston|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00024-x|isbn=978-0-444-59425-9|quote=He proposed the name "Permian" based on the extensive region that composed the ancient kingdom of Permia; the city of Perm lies on the flanks of the Urals.|access-date=2022-02-01|last2=Davydov and|first2=V. I.|last3=Wardlaw|first3=B. R.|last4=Gradstein|first4=F. M.|last5=Hammer|first5=O.|editor2-last=Ogg|editor2-first=James G.|editor3-last=Schmitz|editor3-first=Mark D.|editor4-last=Ogg|editor4-first=Gabi M.|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201094755/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044459425900024X|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Between 1853 and 1867, [[Jules Marcou]] recognised Permian strata in a large area of North America from the [[Mississippi River]] to the [[Colorado River]] and proposed the name ''Dyassic'', from ''Dyas'' and ''Trias'', though Murchison rejected this in 1871.<ref name="Henderson-2012">{{Citation|last1=Henderson|first1=C.M.|title=The Permian Period|date=2012|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978044459425900024X|work=The Geologic Time Scale|pages=653–679|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00024-x|isbn=978-0-444-59425-9|access-date=2021-03-17|last2=Davydov and|first2=V.I.|last3=Wardlaw|first3=B.R.|last4=Gradstein|first4=F.M.|last5=Hammer|first5=O.|archive-date=2022-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123084823/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978044459425900024X|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Permian system was controversial for over a century after its original naming, with the [[United States Geological Survey]] until 1941 considering the Permian a subsystem of the Carboniferous equivalent to the [[Mississippian (geology)|Mississippian]] and [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]].<ref name="Benton-2021" />