Editing Personal identification number (section)

==History==
The PIN originated with the introduction of the [[automated teller machine]] (ATM) in 1967, as an efficient way for banks to dispense cash to their customers. The first ATM system was that of  [[Barclays]] in London, in 1967; it accepted [[cheque]]s with machine-readable encoding, rather than cards, and matched the PIN to the cheque.<ref>Jarunee Wonglimpiyara, ''Strategies of Competition in the Bank Card Business'' (2005), p. 1-3.</ref><ref name=milligan/><ref name="latimes1">{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/afterword/2010/05/atm-inventor-john-shepherdbarron-dies-at-84.html|title=ATM inventor John Shepherd-Barron dies at 84|date=19 May 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|via=Associated Press}}</ref> In 1972, [[Lloyds Bank]] issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip, using a PIN for security.<ref>Jarunee Wonglimpiyara, ''Strategies of Competition in the Bank Card Business'' (2005), p. 5.</ref> [[James Goodfellow]], the inventor who patented the first personal identification number, was awarded an [[Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|OBE]] in the 2006 [[Queen's Birthday Honours]].<ref name="goodfellow">{{cite web  | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/5087984.stm  | title=Royal honour for inventor of Pin  | publisher=BBC  | access-date=2007-11-05 | date=2006-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Patent|GB|1197183|"Improvements in or relating to Customer-Operated Dispensing Systems" {{ndash}} Ivan Oliveira, Anthony Davies, James Goodfellow}}</ref>

[[Mohamed M. Atalla]] invented the first PIN-based [[hardware security module]] (HSM),<ref name="Stiennon">{{cite web |last1=Stiennon |first1=Richard |title=Key Management a Fast Growing Space |url=https://securitycurrent.com/key-management-a-fast-growing-space/ |website=SecurityCurrent |publisher=IT-Harvest |access-date=21 August 2019 |date=17 June 2014}}</ref> dubbed the "Atalla Box," a security system that encrypted PIN and [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] messages and protected offline devices with an un-guessable PIN-generating key.<ref name="Lazo">{{cite book |last1=Bátiz-Lazo |first1=Bernardo |title=Cash and Dash: How ATMs and Computers Changed Banking |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191085574 |pages=284 & 311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWhiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA284}}</ref> In 1972, Atalla filed {{US patent|3938091}} for his PIN verification system, which included an encoded [[card reader]] and described a system that utilized [[encryption]] techniques to assure telephone link security while entering personal ID information that was transmitted to a remote location for verification.<ref name="nist">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=October 2001|title=The Economic Impacts of NIST's Data Encryption Standard (DES) Program|url=https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2017/05/09/report01-2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830020822/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2017/05/09/report01-2.pdf|archive-date=30 August 2017|access-date=21 August 2019|website=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]]}}</ref>

He founded [[Atalla Corporation]] (now [[Utimaco Atalla]]) in 1972,<ref name="Langford">{{cite web |last1=Langford |first1=Susan |title=ATM Cash-out Attacks |url=https://h41382.www4.hpe.com/gfs-shared/20140318153228.pdf |website=[[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]] |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard]] |year=2013 |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> and commercially launched the "Atalla Box" in 1973.<ref name="Lazo"/> The product was released as the Identikey. It was a card reader and [[Identity verification service|customer identification system]], providing a terminal with [[plastic card]] and PIN capabilities. The system was designed to let [[bank]]s and [[thrift institutions]] switch to a plastic card environment from a [[passbook]] program. The Identikey system consisted of a card reader console, two customer [[PIN pad]]s, intelligent controller and built-in electronic interface package.<ref name="Computerworld1978">{{cite journal |title=ID System Designed as NCR 270 Upgrade |journal=[[Computerworld]] |date=13 February 1978 |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fB-Te8d5hO8C&pg=PA49 |publisher=IDG Enterprise}}</ref> The device consisted of two [[keypads]], one for the customer and one for the teller. It allowed the customer to type in a secret code, which is transformed by the device, using a [[microprocessor]], into another code for the teller.<ref name="Computerworld1976">{{cite journal |title=Four Products for On-Line Transactions Unveiled |journal=[[Computerworld]] |date=26 January 1976 |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u9H-xL4sZAC&pg=PA3 |publisher=IDG Enterprise}}</ref> During a [[Financial transaction|transaction]], the customer's [[Bank card number|account number was read by the card reader]]. This process replaced manual entry and avoided possible key stroke errors. It allowed users to replace traditional customer verification methods such as signature verification and test questions with a secure PIN system.<ref name="Computerworld1978"/> In recognition of his work on the PIN system of [[information security management]], Atalla has been referred to as the "Father of the PIN".<ref name="purdue">{{cite web|title=Martin M. (John) Atalla|url=http://www.purdue.edu/uns/html3month/hondocs03/03.ATALLA.html|website=[[Purdue University]]|year=2003|access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="bizjournals">{{cite news |title=Security guru tackles Net: Father of PIN 'unretires' to launch TriStrata |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/1999/05/03/story3.html |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=[[The Business Journals]] |publisher=[[American City Business Journals]] |date=May 2, 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Purdue Schools of Engineering honor 10 distinguished alumni |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/265046278/ |work=[[Journal & Courier]] |date=May 5, 2002 |page=33}}</ref>

The success of the "Atalla Box" led to the wide adoption of PIN-based hardware security modules.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bátiz-Lazo |first1=Bernardo |title=Cash and Dash: How ATMs and Computers Changed Banking |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191085574 |page=311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWhiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA311}}</ref> Its PIN verification process was similar to the later [[IBM 3624]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Konheim |first1=Alan G. |title=Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols |journal=Journal of Cryptographic Engineering |date=1 April 2016 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3 |s2cid=1706990 |url=https://slideheaven.com/automated-teller-machines-their-history-and-authentication-protocols.html |issn=2190-8516 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722030759/https://slideheaven.com/automated-teller-machines-their-history-and-authentication-protocols.html |archive-date=22 July 2019 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}</ref> By 1998 an estimated 70% of all ATM transactions in the United States were routed through specialized Atalla hardware modules,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Gail L. |title=Understanding Digital Signatures: Establishing Trust Over the Internet and Other Networks |date=1998 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |isbn=9780070125544 |page=163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joY_AQAAIAAJ |quote=In fact, an estimated 70 percent of all banking ATM transactions in the USA are routed through specialized Atalla hardware security modules.}}</ref> and by 2003 the Atalla Box secured 80% of all ATM machines in the world,<ref name="purdue"/> increasing to 85% as of 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Portfolio Overview for Payment & GP HSMs |url=https://hsm.utimaco.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/20181206-Utimaco-webinar-Vision-for-Atalla-Portfolio-Overview-Payment-GP-HSMs.pdf |website=[[Utimaco]] |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721060737/https://hsm.utimaco.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/20181206-Utimaco-webinar-Vision-for-Atalla-Portfolio-Overview-Payment-GP-HSMs.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Atalla's HSM products protect 250{{nbsp}}million [[Card Transaction Data|card transactions]] every day as of 2013,<ref name="Langford"/> and still secure the majority of the world's ATM transactions as of 2014.<ref name="Stiennon"/>