Editing Personality test (section)

==History==
[[Image:Physiognomy.jpg|thumb|right|Illustration in a 19th-century book depicting physiognomy]]
The origins of personality assessment date back to the 18th and 19th centuries, when personality was assessed through [[phrenology]], the measurement of bumps on the human skull, and [[physiognomy]], which assessed personality based on a person's outer appearances.<ref name="psychassess"/> Sir Francis Galton took another approach to assessing personality late in the 19th century. Based on the lexical hypothesis, Galton estimated the number of adjectives that described personality in the English dictionary.<ref name="Goldberg, L.R. 1993">{{cite journal | last1 = Goldberg | first1 = L.R. | year = 1993 | title = The structure of phenotypic personality traits | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 48 | issue = 1| pages = 26–34 | doi=10.1037/0003-066x.48.1.26 | pmid=8427480| s2cid = 20595956 }}</ref> Galton's list was eventually refined by [[Louis Leon Thurstone]] to 60 words that were commonly used for describing personality at the time.<ref name="Goldberg, L.R. 1993"/> Through factor analyzing responses from 1300 participants, Thurstone was able to reduce this severely restricted pool of 60 adjectives into seven common factors.<ref>Thurstone, L. L. (1947). ''Multiple Factor Analysis''. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.</ref><ref name="Goldberg, L.R. 1993"/> This procedure of factor analyzing common adjectives was later utilized by [[Raymond Cattell]] (7th most highly cited psychologist of the 20th Century—based on the peer-reviewed journal literature),<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Haggbloom | first1=S.J. | last2=Warnick | first2=R. | last3=Warnick | first3=J.E. | last4=J. | first4=V.K. | last5=Yarbrough | first5=G.L. | last6=Russell | first6=T.M. | last7=Borecky | first7=C.M. | last8=McGahhey | first8=R. | last9=Powell | first9=J.L. | last10=Beavers | first10=J. | last11=Monte | first11=E. | title=The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century | journal=Review of General Psychology | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=6 | issue=2 | year=2002 | issn=1089-2680 | doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 | pages=139–152| s2cid=145668721 }}</ref> who subsequently utilized a data set of over 4000 affect terms from the English dictionary that eventually resulted in construction of the [[Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire]] (16PF) which also measured up to eight second-stratum personality factors.<ref>Cattell, R.B., & Nichols, K.E. (1972). An improved definition, from 10 researches, of second order personality factors in Q data (with cross-cultural checks). ''Journal of Social Psychology, 86'', 187-203.</ref> Of the many introspective (i.e., subjective) self-report instruments constructed to measure the putative Big Five personality dimensions, perhaps the most popular has been the [[Revised NEO Personality Inventory]] (NEO-PI-R)<ref name="Goldberg, L.R. 1993"/> However, the psychometric properties of the NEO-PI-R (including its factor analytic/construct validity) has been severely criticized.<ref>Boyle, G.J., Stankov, L., & Cattell, R.B. (1995). Measurement and statistical models in the study of personality and intelligence.  In D.H. Saklofske & M. Zeidner (Eds.), ''International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence'' (pp. 417-446). New York: Plenum. {{ISBN|0-306-44749-5}}</ref>

Another early personality instrument was the [[Woodworth Personal Data Sheet]], a [[self-report inventory]] developed for [[World War I]] and used for the psychiatric screening of new draftees.<ref name="psychassess">{{cite book|author1=Elahe Nezami|author2=James N. Butcher|editor=G. Goldstein|editor2=Michel Hersen|title=Handbook of Psychological Assessment|date=16 February 2000|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-054002-3|page=415}}</ref>