Editing Peru–Bolivian Confederation (section)

==History==
===Background===
{{See also|Salaverry-Santa Cruz War}}
At the beginning of the 19th century, [[Simón Bolívar]] postulated the idea of creating a great nation, coinciding with [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]], who thought of uniting [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]] in a single country, the latter colloquially known as [[Upper Peru]]. The idea of uniting both countries was the general idea of several influential political leaders in Peru—including [[Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro]], {{ill|José María Pando|es}}, {{ill|Manuel Lorenzo de Vidaurre|es}}, [[Agustín Gamarra]], among others—who sought to reintegrate the two Perus, disagreeing only in the form of the “union”: confederation or merger. An important factor in the desire to unite these two states were the historical ties between both regions, even after independence.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=252}}

After political instability and a coup d'état in 1835, a [[Salaverry-Santa Cruz War|civil war]] broke out between newly self-declared president [[Felipe Santiago Salaverry]] and constitutional president [[Luis José de Orbegoso]], who allowed Bolivian president [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]] to send his troops through the Peruvian border.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=93–115}} After the latter's triumph in 1836, assemblies were soon established to make way for the creation of the Confederation.

===Prelude===
Two constituent congresses were established in each of the three founding states of the confederation, in the cities of [[Huaura]] (North Peru), [[Sicuani]] (South-Peru) and {{ill|Tapacarí|es}} (Bolivia). Immediately, the representatives of the three states promised to celebrate the union pact of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation as soon as possible.

The [[Sicuani Assembly]] was established on March 16, 1836, and closed on March 22. It featured representatives from [[Ayacucho Department|Ayacucho]], [[Arequipa Department|Arequipa]], [[Cuzco Department|Cuzco]], [[Puno Department|Puno]] and [[Tacna Department|Tacna]].{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=253}} On April 10, Orbegoso recognized [[South Peru]] as an independent state through a decree, and a Supreme Court was installed in [[Cuzco]] on August 24. The assembly also created the country's flag and currency. Fines were put in place to prevent the [[Flag of Peru|(now North) Peruvian flag]] from being flown.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=118}}

The [[Huaura Assembly]] lasted from August 3 to 24, 1836, and featured representatives from [[Department of La Libertad|La Libertad]], [[Lima Department|Lima]], [[Department of Huaylas|Huaylas]], [[Department of Amazonas, Peru|Maynas]] and [[Department of Junín|Junín]].{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=253}} On August 11, [[North Peru]] was officially established through the promulgation of its constitution by the then President Orbegoso, naming Santa Cruz—who triumphantly entered [[Lima]] on August 15—as the Supreme Protector of the state. Orbegoso also presented his resignation, but it was not approved by the assembly, who named him provisional president. The assembly also established the new territorial divisions of the country.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=119}} Unlike its new southern neighbour, North Peru maintained the national symbols of its predecessor.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=119–121}}

In the case of Bolivia, a special session of the {{ill|Tapacarí Congress|es|Congreso de Tapacarí}} had previously been held on June 21, 1836, which authorized Santa Cruz to complete the confederation project to which Bolivia had already adhered with the Law of July 22, 1835. Around that time, Santa Cruz received the diploma and insignia of Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]], with which the [[King of France]] honored him. He also received a communication from [[Pope Gregory XVI]] and a rosary with his medal, blessed by the Pope himself.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=121}}

===Establishment===
Provided, then, with all the legal elements granted by the assemblies of the three states, Santa Cruz decreed the establishment of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, by decree given in Lima on October 28, 1836.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=121}}{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=254}} A congress known today as the '''Congress of Tacna''' ({{langx|es|Congreso de Tacna}}) was ordered to meet in [[Tacna]] to establish the foundations of the confederation. A [[Customs|customs office]] was also opened in [[Arica]], which employed both South Peruvians and Bolivians.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=121–122}}

During the meeting, Santa Cruz arranged for each state to send a priest, a soldier and a lawyer as delegates before, and consequently, three religious, three lawyers and three soldiers marched to Tacna. The nine delegates were as follows:
*Representing '''North Peru'''
**{{ill|Tomás Diéguez de Florencia|es}}, bishop of Trujillo
**{{ill|Manuel Tellería Vicuña|es}}, lawyer and member of the Supreme Court
**{{ill|Francisco Quirós y Ampudia|es}}, colonel
*Representing '''South Peru'''
**{{ill|José Sebastián de Goyeneche y Barreda|es}}, bishop of Arequipa
**Pedro José Flórez, lawyer and judge of Ayacucho
**Juan José Larrea, colonel
*Representing '''Bolivia'''
**José María Mendizábal, bishop of [[Sucre|La Plata]]
**Pedro Buitrago, lawyer and member of the Supreme Court
**Miguel María de Aguirre, colonel

Initially, January 24, 1837, was chosen as the congress' date, but it had to be postponed. Santa Cruz decided to accompany the plenipotentiaries of the North-Peruvian State, for which reason he left Lima and embarked on the frigate ''Flora'' on February 9, but instead of disembarking in [[Islay Province|Islay]], he went to [[Arica]], where he arrived on February 27. The congress was postponed to April 18; Meanwhile, Santa Cruz remained in Arica, but on March 2 he headed for Tacna, where he was received with much fanfare. From Tacna he went to [[Viacha]] on March 10, arriving in [[La Paz]] the following day. There, together with the Bolivian plenipotentiaries Aguirre and Buitrago, and Bolivian Vice President [[Mariano Enrique Calvo]], he agreed on the project that should be discussed and approved in Tacna. Then, in the first days of April, he went down to Tacna again.

On April 18, 1837, the Tacna Congress was inaugurated, with the presence of the nine delegates. The [[#Government and politics|Pact of Tacna]] ({{langx|es|Pacto de Tacna}}) was signed without debate during the congress. It established the [[Constitution|legal framework]] through which the state would operate, and also included the design of the flag.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=122}} Reactions to the pact were mixed event among its signatories, and disagreements led to the establishment of one constituent congress per member state.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=124–125}} The act was later promulgated in 1837.

===Political instability and wars===
{{main|War of the Confederation|Tarija War}}
Like Orbegoso, Santa Cruz also had many opponents and enemies born in the frequent caudillo clashes of the early years of Peru's republican history. Among those enemies were powerful characters such as [[Agustín Gamarra]] and [[Ramón Castilla]], who at the time were exiled in Chile.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=253}}<ref name=Tauro>{{Cite book|title=Enciclopedia ilustrada del Perú: CAN-CHO|last=Tauro del Pino|first=Alberto|publisher=[[El Comercio (Peru)|Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A.]]|year=2001|isbn=9972401499|location=Lima|pages=544–545|language=es}}</ref>

The rivalry that existed between the ports of [[Callao]] and [[Valparaíso]] worsened as a result of the establishment of the Confederation.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=254}} A tariff war soon began between both states,{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=128–129}} and Orbegoso supported [[Ramón Freire]]'s failed expedition against [[Diego Portales]].{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=129–131}}{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}} The [[Congress of Chile]] approved the declaration of war on December 26, 1836,{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}} claiming that Santa Cruz's rule over Peru was illegitimate, and that his influence threatened the integrity of other [[South America]]n nations, as seen by Orbegoso's support for the attempted invasion of Chile by Freire, specifically pointing out the attempt on Portales.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=131}}

A territorial dispute between Argentina and Bolivia over the territory of [[Tarija Department|Tarija]] escalated, as Bolivia occupied and annexed the territory<ref>{{Cite journal |title=La anexión e incorporación de Tarija a Bolivia |journal=Tarija200 |url=https://www.tarija200.com/post/la-anexion-e-incorporacion-de-tarija-a-bolivia |last=Avila Echazú |first=Edgar |date=2011-04-14 |issue=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616040041/https://www.tarija200.com/post/la-anexion-e-incorporacion-de-tarija-a-bolivia |archive-date=16 June 2020 }}</ref> and [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] then [[Tarija War|declared war]] on the Confederation on May 19, 1837, accusing Santa Cruz of harboring supporters of the [[Unitarian Party]]. The accusations ended up being true, as Santa Cruz had financially supported the émigrés.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=133}}

Portales was assassinated in [[Valparaíso]] after a mutiny broke out in [[Quillota]], leading to preparations for the invasion of South Peru.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}} Thus, the first "Restorative Expedition" left Valparaíso on September 15, 1837, landing in [[Quilca District|Quilca]], and occupying [[Arequipa]] on October 12, establishing a [[Peruvian Republic (1837)|local government]] on October 17.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=135}} The [[Confederate Navy (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Confederate Navy]] captured the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] on November 14.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=137}}

On November 17, after the Chileans were surrounded by Peruvian troops, the [[Treaty of Paucarpata]] was signed by [[Manuel Blanco Encalada]] under the guarantee of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], through which the occupation was undone six days later and the Peruvian ships captured by Chile were to be returned.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}}{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=136}} After Blanco Encalada's troops arrived in Valparaíso, he was met with hostile demonstrations and the Chilean government repudiated the treaty of Paucarpata.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=137}} A second expedition headed by [[Manuel Bulnes]] was organized,{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=138}} which left for Peru on July 19, 1838.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}}

===Dissolution===
[[File:Confederacion Perú Boliviana cronologia.png|thumb|right|275px|{{Collapsible list | title = Dissolution of Peru-Bolivia
| 1 = {{Legend|#C00000|Peru-Bolivia}}
{{Legend|#0000FE|Controlled by the [[United Restoration Army]]}}
{{Legend|#FCC300|[[Peruvian Republic (1837)|First Provisional Government of Peru]]}}
{{Legend|#1dacd6|[[Peruvian Republic (1838-1839)|Northern Peruvian Republic]]}}
{{Legend|#FFFF00|[[Agustín Gamarra#Second presidency and invasion of Bolivia|Second Provisional Government of Peru]]}}
{{Legend|#800080|[[José Miguel de Velasco|Provisional Government of Bolivia]]}}
{{Legend|#E65F00|New [[Peru]]vian State}}
{{Legend|#006400|New [[Bolivia]]n State}}
{{Legend|#000000|Controlled by the United Restoration Army during the ''[[#Restoration (1839–1841)|restoration]]''}}
{{legend-line|solid 2px #000000;|''[[De facto]]'' borders after the dissolution}}
{{Legend|#FE0000|Disputed between Peru-Bolivia and [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]]}}
{{Legend|#0BDA51|Disputed between [[Bolivia]] and [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]]}}}}]]
{{main|Dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation}}
Around the same time, [[Peruvian Republic (1838–1839)|North Peru seceded]] from the Confederation on July 30,{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=139}} but was nevertheless attacked and defeated by the United Restoration Army in the [[Battle of Portada de Guías]] of August 21.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=256}}{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=142}} Meanwhile, Confederate troops in Callao were [[Third siege of Callao|besieged]] by the same army.

During this time, the Confederation's stability collapsed, as by September, Peru (i.e. North and South Peru) was under the ''de jure'' control of seven different presidents at one time: Santa Cruz, who was the Supreme Protector; Gamara, the restorationist president; Orbegoso, leader of the secessionist North Peruvian state; [[José de la Riva Agüero]], who replaced Orbegoso, being appointed by Santa Cruz; [[Pío de Tristán]], president of South Peru; [[Domingo Nieto]], in the north; and [[Juan Francisco de Vidal]] in Huaylas.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=145}}

Santa Cruz occupied Lima on November 10, ending the siege in Callao, but left for the north, where the restaurateurs were located. He was defeated in the [[Battle of Yungay]] on January 20, 1839, and thus, the Confederation was dissolved,{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=256}} with Gamarra announcing its dissolution on August 25.<ref name=archivo>{{Cite book |title=Archivo diplomático peruano |last=Ortiz de Zevallos Paz-Soldán |first=Carlos |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)|Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú]] |year=1972 |language=es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1kPAAAAYAAJ |volume=9: Confederación Perú-Boliviana (1835-1839)}}</ref> The Confederate defeat led to the exile of Santa Cruz, first to [[Guayaquil]], in Ecuador, then to Chile, and finally to Europe, where he died.

After the Confederation was defeated, loyalists such as [[Antonio Huachaca]] kept fighting against the new Peruvian government, being also [[Iquicha War of 1839|defeated]] in November 1839.<ref>{{Cite book|title=La historia oculta: La lucha del pueblo argentino por su independencia del imperio inglés|last=Gullo|first=Marcelo|publisher=Editorial Biblos|year=2013|isbn=978-9876912969|language=Spanish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIfyDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>