Editing Peruvian rock (section)

== History ==

=== 1960s ===
New trends like British [[Beat music|Merseybeat]] and American [[surf music|surf]] became popular, and a number of Peruvian bands built a loyal audience. [[Los Saicos]] blended [[psychedelic rock]], [[garage rock]] and surf.  [[Los Shains]] featured rock guitar hero {{ILL|Pico Ego-Aguirre|es}} (later in [[Pax (band)|Pax]]). [[Traffic Sound]], the first Peruvian [[Supergroup (music)|supergroup]], merged core players from [[Los Hang Ten's]] with other important musicians. Also popular were [[Los york's|Los York's]], [[Los Jaguars]], [[Los Silvertons]], [[Los Belkings]] and [[Los Doltons]].

=== 1970s ===
After the military coup in October 1968, rock music was branded an alienating phenomenon by the government of General [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]]. There was a ban of concerts in key venues including a highly anticipated [[Carlos Santana]] concert in 1971.  However, some AM radio stations continued to play rock music (such as Radio Miraflores, Radio 1160, and Radio Atalaya).  Also, record companies continued to release LPs of rock bands (such as Led Zeppelin and Jimi Hendrix) in Peru.  The movie ''[[Woodstock (film)|Woodstock]]'' was shown in Lima every two or three years.  Moreover, some bands left their mark, such as [[El Polen]], [[Traffic Sound]], [[Pax (band)|Pax]], [[We All Together]], [[Telegraph Avenue (band)|Telegraph Avenue]], [[Black Sugar]], [[Crossroads (band)|Crossroads]], [[Tripping Foxters]], [[Red Amber]] (the first Peruvian progressive rock band), and [[Frágil (band)|Fragil]] (in the late 1970s). In the late 1970s, the band [[Breeze (band)|Breeze]] with Roxana Valdivieso released a self-titled album with English lyrics.

Peruvian rock descended into its most obscure era during the mid-1970s, losing the momentum it had laboriously gained.   [[Disco]] and [[Salsa music|salsa]] dominated the airwaves for the remainder of the decade.  Some rock musicians became jazz musicians, such as guitarist [[Richie Zellon]].

=== 1980s ===
[[File:Rio - Princesa, 2018.jpg|thumb|Grupo Rio in concert, 2018.]]
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Peruvian rock bands were confined to the underground scene; with no radio or TV support.  The half-hour TV show Disco Club led by singer-songwriter Gerardo Manuel (Rojas) was an occasional exception.  [[Frágil (band)|Fragil]] released its first LP in 1981.  Nevertheless, because of the deep crisis that the country was suffering, Peruvian rockers looked for a way to channel their frustrations. In this environment, it is no surprise that British [[punk rock]] became a major influence to a few young Peruvians rockers of this era, and quickly a small "underground" scene started brewing parallel to the free-again 'mainstream' scene. Bands like [[Leusemia]], [[Narcosis (Peruvian band)|Narcosis]], Autopsia, Guerrilla Urbana, [[Zcuela Crrada]] formed part of the first wave.  The members of these bands were mostly from poor neighborhoods, but a few came from upper-class neighborhoods and had learned English in their schools.

Bands like [[Frágil (band)|Fragil]], [[Rio (band)|Rio]], [[Miki Gonzales]], [[Pax (band)|Pax]], [[JAS (band)|JAS]], [[Imagenes (band)|Imagenes]], [[Trama (band)|Trama]], [[Danai y Pateandolatas]] came from upper and middle-class backgrounds, uncovering the social division in Peruvian society. According to some scholars (mainly left-wing thinkers), the 'underground' scene was by far richer in creativity, though lacking technical skills; others thought the 'commercial' scene was more worthwhile, since the underground scene only reached a few hundred supporters per concert and was focused in the capital of Lima, being virtually unknown to the rest of the country.

Quickly several bands started appearing and creating subgenres within the umbrella 'underground' scene. Radio or TV support was nonexistent for them (the mainstream bands did have some), poverty and lack of technology prevented most bands from recording any moderate-quality material. Despite all this, the present and future looked much brighter than in the 1970s, since these bands, especially the mainstream ones, were pioneers in the rock scene after the 1975–1985 downturn.

At the same time, an underground scene of [[death metal]] and [[black metal]] developed in Lima, influenced by European bands. Local bands such as [[Mortem (band)|Mortem]] and [[Kranium]] were formed in the 1980s.

=== 1990s ===
The further growth of the underground scene and the liberalization of Peruvian society and economy allowed rock musicians to create sub-circuits, and rock became very diverse. Some of the best (but not necessarily best known) rock bands from Peru came out during this decade. [[Leusemia]] became the leaders of not only the 'underground' faction, but of all Peruvian rock, undergoing a change from very basic rock band to a prolific and influential group that included rock anthems, ballads and symphonic, almost [[progressive rock]]. For those who liked the 1980s [[post-punk]], [[Dolores Delirio]], [[Voz Propia]] and [[Cardenales]] were among the best at the [[Gothic rock|goth]] sound.

[[Huelga De Hambre]] was one of Peru's [[grunge]]-influenced group.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-01-17 |title=Música {{!}} Huelga de Hambre anuncia la reedición en CD de "Máquina y Espíritu" |url=http://rdn.pe/musica-huelga-de-hambre-anuncia-la-reedicion-en-cd-de-maquina-y-espiritu/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=RDN |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-10-17 |title=Aerosmith en Lima: 'Huelga de hambre' con Jhovan Tomasevich será banda soporte |url=https://trome.pe/espectaculos/aerosmith-lima-huelga-hambre-jhovan-tomasevich-sera-banda-soporte-fotos-27087/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Trome |language=es}}</ref> [[El Aire]], [[G3 (band)|G3]], [[Arcana (Peruvian band)|Arcana]], [[Radio Criminal]], [[Los Mojarras]], [[Mar De Copas]], [[La Liga del Sueño]] and [[Rafo Raez]] were very solid bands of diverse genres that were followed in the late 1990s by [[La Sarita]], [[Ni Voz Ni Voto]], [[Cementerio Club]], [[D'Mente Comun]] and [[Líbido (band)|Líbido]], greatly expanding rock music in Peru.

Due to financial difficulties and lack of support from promoters, most bands had to play the same few venues, where they build loyal and knowledgeable fanbases. Although the concerts were very small at the beginning (typically 50 people), as the decade progressed, more young people started to notice these bands and fill bigger venues with 500, 1000, or 2000 people. Towards the end of the decade, major concerts like "Acustirock", "El Niño Malo", "Antimiseria" and "Inrockuptibles" each brought in at least 10,000 fans.

Peruvian media began to pay attention to these bands in the late 1990s, giving exposure to bands of a decidedly more upper-class and 'safer' sounding rock. The most prominent bands of 'mainstream' 1990s Peruvian rock were [[Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[Miki Gonzales]] and [[Arena Hash]]. From this last band, [[Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]] went on a solo career and became the most commercially successful Peruvian rocker of the decade.

The black metal and death metal scene remained an underground, with a few bands releasing self-produced material. Bands included black-metal acts Illapa, Belzec, and Nahual; and death-thrash metal acts like Dark Silence, Ensalve, and Hadez. Many conflicts between bands (which include trash-talking and rivalries) and critical political and economic issues led to the breakup of many metal groups.

A report on Peruvian rock included in the July 1999 issue of ''[[Maximum RocknRoll]]'' mentions the following bands: [[Aeropajitas]], [[Manganzoides]], 60s garage punk/garage revival, [[Asmereir]], a blend of punk/ska/reggae/hardcore/thrash, [[Leusemia]], that put out a double CD through [[Coyote Records]] titled ''[[Moxon (album)|Moxon]]'', [[Histeria Kolectiva]] reminiscing of [[Leusemia]], [[dios hastío]] euro-crustcore intense and desperate, [[Ataque Frontal]] classic I-spit-on-your-face band, one of the shapers of the scene, [[Psicosis]] ska/punk orchestra, [[3 Al Hilo]], punk rock and roll, [[Metadona]] female-fronted pop-punk, [[Magras]] punk/hardcore and reggae, [[P. T. K.]] this means Pateando Tu Kara, [[Sudor de Huevos (SDH)]]-punk, [[Los Rezios]], [[Autonomia]], [[Migraña]], [[Irreverentes]], [[Hazloquechuchapunkron]], [[Perú No Existe]], [[Generacion Perdida]]. It also mentioned fanzines: [[Caleta (magazine)|Caleta]], [[Sub (magazine)|Sub]], [[Cuero Negro]] and [[Crash Boom Zap]].

=== 2000s ===
A mature and prolific rock scene soon gained exposure due to the improved economic presence of Peru in the region. Peruvian TV and the Latin American division of [[MTV]] took notice of Peruvian bands, and included them in their shows ahead of the Peruvian mainstream radio. Peruvian rock videos were in normal rotation alongside regionally known acts like [[Soda Stereo]], [[Shakira]] and [[Jaguares (rock band)|Jaguares]].

[[Líbido (band)|Líbido]] became Peru's most successful band, selling hundreds of thousands of discs worldwide and receiving Grammy nominations and several Latin MTV awards. Soon other bands like [[Amen (Peruvian band)|Amen]], [[Zen]] and [[TK (Peruvian rock band)|TK]] found success. [[Aliados]] and [[Inyectores]] (both made up of ex-[[G3 (band)|G3]] members), [[Los Fuckin Sombreros]], [[Campo De Almas]], [[Pelo Madueño]] (drummer of the 1980s Peruvian rock band [[Narcosis (Peruvian band)|Narcosis]] and leader, vocalist and guitarist of the 1990s Peruvian rock band [[La Liga Del Sueño]]), [[6 Voltios]], Space bee, Zaraúz, Brinvonda, [[Turbopotamos]], [[Vaselina]], [[Leusemia]], [[Pancho Pepe Jazz Band]], [[Los Claxon]], [[DaleVuelta]], [[Tráfico]], [[Uchpa]] which is a rock & blues band in [[Quechua (brand)|Quechua]],{{clarify|date=June 2017|reason=a band in a brand?}} [[Jose Arbulú]] (the vocalist and lead guitar of Cementerio Club), and [[Area 7 (Peruvian band)|Area 7]] (an exponent of [[Peruvian Nu-Metal]] and the country's only all-female metal band), were acts that developed at the local level.  Peruvian electronic music has its representatives in bands like [[Theremyn 4]], Unidad central, Deimos, Insumision, Ensamble, Vacuna tu hijo, Kollantes.

Dozens of new bands kept coming out and most of the 1990s bands were still playing and improving their recordings. The albums of the early rock banks, including [[Los Saicos]], [[Traffic Sound]], and [[We All Together]] were released on CDs.  Radio stations became more receptive of mainstream Peruvian Rock, given its recent commercial success. Most of the Peruvian media continues to not promote popular underground acts such as punk and reggae.

===2010s===

During the 2010s, many groups have emerged in the larger cities of Peru, especially in Lima. The growing world scene of psychedelic rock had led to the psychedelic sound being mixed with other genres, influencing Peruvian bands Cholo Visceral (blending with prog rock), Los Silver Mornings (vintage rock), Spatial Moods (blues), Onerom (jazz), and The Dead End-Alley Band and El Jefazo (stoner rock). In some Internet articles it is called "Nueva Psicodelia Latinoamericana" as a way to differentiate it from other kinds of psychedelic rock music that have emerged in Latinamerica during the 1970s, 1980s or 1990s.https://www.vice.com/es/article/el-despertar-de-la-nueva-psicodelia-en-latinoamerica-parte-2/