Editing Phage display (section)

==History==
Phage display was first described by [[George Smith (chemist)|George P. Smith]] in 1985, when he demonstrated the display of peptides on [[filamentous phage]] (long, thin viruses that infect bacteria) by [[Fusion protein|fusing]] the virus's [[Capsid|capsid protein]] to one [[peptide]] out of a collection of peptide sequences.<ref name="Smith_1985" /> This displayed the different peptides on the outer surfaces of the collection of viral clones, where the screening step of the process isolated the peptides with the highest binding affinity. In 1988, Stephen Parmley and George Smith described [[biopanning]] for affinity selection and demonstrated that recursive rounds of selection could enrich for clones present at 1 in a billion or less.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0378-1119(88)90495-7 | volume=73 | title=Antibody-selectable filamentous fd phage vectors: affinity purification of target genes | year=1988 | journal=Gene | pages=305–318 | vauthors=Parmley SF, Smith GP| issue=2 | pmid=3149606 }}</ref> In 1990, Jamie Scott and George Smith described creation of large random peptide libraries displayed on filamentous phage.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1126/science.1696028|pmid = 1696028|bibcode = 1990Sci...249..386S|title = Searching for peptide ligands with an epitope library|year = 1990|last1 = Scott|first1 = J.|last2 = Smith|first2 = G.|journal = Science|volume = 249|issue = 4967|pages = 386–390}}</ref> Phage display technology was further developed and improved by groups at the [[Laboratory of Molecular Biology]] with [[Greg Winter]] and [[John McCafferty]], The [[Scripps Research Institute]] with Richard Lerner and Carlos Barbas and the [[German Cancer Research Center]] with Frank Breitling and [[Stefan Dübel]] for display of proteins such as [[antibodies]] for [[therapeutic]] [[protein engineering]]. Smith and Winter were awarded a half share of the 2018 Nobel Prize in chemistry for their contribution to developing phage display.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2018/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-03}}</ref> A patent by George Pieczenik claiming priority from 1985 also describes the generation of peptide libraries.<ref name="US_5866363">{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 5866363  | status = patent | title = Method and means for sorting and identifying biological information | pubdate = 1999-02-02 | fdate = 1991-02-28 | pridate = 1985-08-28 | inventor = Pieczenik G}}</ref>