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==History== {{Main|History of Philadelphia}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Philadelphia}} {{See also|List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia|National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia}} ===Native peoples=== Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the early 17th century, the [[Lenape]], an [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian tribe]] also known as the Delaware Indians, lived in the village of [[Treaty of Shackamaxon|Shackamaxon]] in present-day Philadelphia and the surrounding area.<ref name=josephy>Josephy 188–189</ref> The Lenape historically lived along the [[Delaware River]] [[Drainage basin|watershed]], western [[Long Island]], and the [[Hudson Valley|Lower Hudson Valley]].{{efn|1= Description of the Lenape peoples (Delaware nations) historic territories inside the [[divides]] of the frequently mountainous [[landforms]] flanking the [[Delaware River]]'s [[drainage basin]]. These terrains encompass from South to North and then counter-clockwise: {{Bulleted list | the shores from the east-shore mouth of the river and the sea coast to Western Long Island (all of both colonial [[New Amsterdam]] and [[New Sweden]]), and | portions of Western Connecticut up to the latitude of the Massachusetts corner of today's boundaries—making the eastern bounds of their influence, thence their region extended: | westerly past the region around [[Albany, New York]] to the [[Susquehanna River]] side of the [[Catskills]], then | southerly through the eastern [[Pocono Mountains|Poconos]] outside the rival [[Susquehannock]] lands past [[Province of Pennsylvania|Eastern Pennsylvania]] then southerly past the site of [[History of Philadelphia|Colonial Philadelphia]] past the west bank mouth of the Delaware and extending south from that point along a stretch of sea coast in northern colonial [[Delaware]]. }} The [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]]-[[Delaware River]] system's [[Drainage basin|watershed]] divided the frequently contested hunting grounds between the rival [[Susquehannock]] people and Lenape peoples, and the Catskills and Berkshires played a similar boundary role in the northern regions of their original colonial era range.}} Most Lenape were pushed out of the region during the 18th century as the original [[Thirteen Colonies]] expanded, which was further exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts.<ref name=josephy/> Lenape communities were also weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly [[smallpox]], and conflicts with Europeans. The [[Iroquois]] occasionally fought the Lenape. Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper [[Ohio River]] basin. Following the [[American Revolutionary War]] and the subsequent establishment of the United States, the Lenape began moving further west. In the 1860s, the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] sent most remaining Lenape in the [[East Coast of the United States|eastern United States]] to the [[Indian Territory]] in present-day [[Oklahoma]] and surrounding territories as part of the [[Indian removal]] policy. ===Colonial era=== [[File:The Birth of Pennsylvania 1680 cph.3g07157.jpg|thumb|[[William Penn]] (holding paper) and [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] depicted in ''The Birth of Pennsylvania 1680'', a portrait by [[Jean Leon Gerome Ferris]]]] [[File:Treaty of Penn with Indians by Benjamin West.jpg|thumb|William Penn's 1682 [[Treaty of Shackamaxon]] with the [[Lenape]] tribe depicted in ''[[Penn's Treaty with the Indians]]'', a 1772 portrait by [[Benjamin West]]]] [[File:Map of the Original City of Philadelphia in 1682 by Thomas Holme.jpg|thumb|A 1683 portrait of Philadelphia by [[Thomas Holme]], believed to be the city's first map|alt=A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia, by Thomas Holme]] Europeans first entered Philadelphia and the surrounding [[Delaware Valley]] in the early 17th century. The first settlements were founded by [[Dutch colonization of the Americas|Dutch colonists]], who built [[Fort Nassau (South River)|Fort Nassau]] on the [[Delaware River]] in 1623 in what is now [[Brooklawn, New Jersey]]. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their [[New Netherland]] colony. In 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of [[New Sweden]] at [[Fort Christina]], located in present-day [[Wilmington, Delaware]], and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the [[Susquehannock]]s in their war against [[Province of Maryland|Maryland]] colonists.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jennings |first=Francis |year=1984 |title=The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-01719-2 |oclc=9066383}}</ref> In 1648, the Dutch built [[Fort Beversreede]] on the west bank of the Delaware, south of the [[Schuylkill River]] near the present-day [[Eastwick, Philadelphia|Eastwick]] section of Philadelphia, to reassert their dominion over the area. The [[Swedes]] responded by building [[New Sweden#Forts|Fort Nya Korsholm]], or New [[Korsholm]], named after a town in Finland with a Swedish majority. In 1655, a [[Dutch armed forces|Dutch military]] campaign led by New Netherland Director-General [[Peter Stuyvesant]] took control of the Swedish colony, ending its claim to independence. The Swedish and [[Finnish people|Finnish]] settlers continued to have their own [[militia]], religion, and court, and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch. An English fleet captured the New Netherland colony in 1664, though the situation did not change substantially until 1682, when the area was included in [[William Penn]]'s charter for Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Citation |author-last1=Brookes |author-first1=Karin |author-first2=John |author-last2=Gattuso |author-first3=Lou |author-last3=Harry |author-first4=Edward |author-last4=Jardim |author-first5=Donald |author-last5=Kraybill |author-first6=Susan |author-last6=Lewis |author-first7=Dave |author-last7=Nelson |author-first8=Carol |author-last8=Turkington |editor-first=Zoë |editor-last=Ross |title=Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings |edition=Second (Updated) |year=2005 |publisher=APA Publications |pages=[https://archive.org/details/insightguidephil00zoer/page/21 21–22] |isbn=1-58573-026-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/insightguidephil00zoer/page/21 }}</ref> In 1681, in partial repayment of a debt, [[Charles II of England]] granted Penn a [[charter]] for what would become the [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania colony]]. Despite the royal charter, Penn bought the land from the local [[Lenape]] in an effort to establish good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for the colony.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings |page=21 }}</ref> Penn made a [[Treaty of Shackamaxon|treaty of friendship]] with Lenape chief [[Tamanend|Tammany]] under an elm tree at [[Shackamaxon]], in what is now the city's [[Fishtown, Philadelphia|Fishtown]] neighborhood.<ref name=weigley>{{Cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |editor-first=RF |editor-last=Weigley |title=Philadelphia: A 300-Year History |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=1982 |location=New York and London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/4 4–5] |isbn=0-393-01610-2 |oclc=8532897 |display-editors=etal |url=https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/4 }}</ref> Penn named the city Philadelphia, which is Greek for 'brotherly love', derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] terms {{lang|grc|[[wikt:φίλος|φίλος]]}} {{Transliteration|grc|phílos}} ('beloved, dear') and {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἀδελφός|ἀδελφός]]}} {{Transliteration|grc|adelphós}} ('brother, brotherly'). There were a number of cities named ''[[Philadelphia (disambiguation)#Ancient|Philadelphia]]'' ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:Φιλαδέλφεια|Φιλαδέλφεια]]}}) in the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] during the Greek and Roman periods, including modern [[Alaşehir]], mentioned as the site of an early Christian congregation in the [[Book of Revelation]]. As a [[Quakers|Quaker]], Penn had experienced [[religious persecution]] and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely. This tolerance, which exceeded that of other colonies, led to better relations with the local native tribes and fostered Philadelphia's rapid growth into America's most important city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Avery |first=Ron |title=A Concise History of Philadelphia |publisher=Otis Books |year=1999 |location=Philadelphia |page=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000aver/page/19 19] |isbn=0-9658825-1-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000aver/page/19 }}</ref> Penn planned a city on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government. Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city, Penn laid out roads on a [[grid plan]] to keep houses and businesses spread far apart with areas for gardens and [[orchard]]s. The city's inhabitants did not follow Penn's plans, however, and instead crowded the present-day [[Port of Philadelphia]] on the Delaware River and subdivided and resold their lots.<ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |editor-first=RF |editor-last=Weigley |title=Philadelphia: A 300-Year History |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=1982 |location=New York and London |pages=7, 14–16 |isbn=0-393-01610-2 |oclc=8532897 |display-editors=etal |url=https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/7 }}</ref> Before Penn left Philadelphia for the final time, he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city. Though poor at first, Philadelphia became an important trading center with tolerable living conditions by the 1750s. [[Benjamin Franklin]], a leading citizen, helped improve city services and founded new ones that were among the first in the nation, including a [[Union Fire Company|fire company]], [[Library Company of Philadelphia|library]], and [[Pennsylvania Hospital|hospital]]. A number of [[philosophy|philosophical societies]] were formed, which were centers of the city's intellectual life, including the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture (1785), the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and the Useful Arts (1787), the [[Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University|Academy of Natural Sciences]] (1812), and the [[Franklin Institute]] (1824).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=35&chapter=2 |title=Explore PA History website |publisher=Explorepahistory.com |access-date=December 23, 2010 |archive-date=December 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215022801/http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=35&chapter=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> These societies developed and financed new industries that attracted skilled and knowledgeable immigrants from Europe. ===American Revolution=== {{See also|Pennsylvania in the American Revolution|Philadelphia campaign}} [[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|The [[Committee of Five]] presenting their draft of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in [[Independence Hall]] on June 28, 1776, depicted in [[Declaration of Independence (painting)|an 1818 painting]] by [[John Trumbull]]; historian [[Joseph Ellis]] called the Declaration "the most potent and consequential words in American history."<ref>John Hazelton, ''The Historical Value of Trumbull's: Declaration of Independence'', [[Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]], volume 31 (Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1907), 38.</ref>]] [[File:Philadelphia Presidents house.jpg|thumb|[[President's House (Philadelphia)|President's House]] on [[Market Street (Philadelphia)|Market Street]] served as the presidential mansion for the nation's first two presidents, [[George Washington]] and [[John Adams]], from 1790 to 1800 prior to the completion of the [[White House]] and the development of Washington, D.C. as the nation's new capital.]] [[File:Exterior of the Independence Hall, Aug 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Independence Hall]] on [[Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)|Chestnut Street]] between 5th and 6th streets, where the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] was signed and the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] was ratified, on July 4, 1776, and June 21, 1788, respectively]] Philadelphia's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for [[American Revolution|America's revolutionaries]]. By the 1750s, Philadelphia surpassed [[Boston]] as the largest city and busiest port in [[British America]], and the second-largest city in the entire [[British Empire]] after London.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lew |first=Alan A. |title=Geography: USA |year=2004 |chapter-url=http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch4.html |publisher=Northern Arizona University |chapter=Chapter 4 – The Mid-Atlantic and Megalopolis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002258/http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch4.html |archive-date=February 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution |last=Rappleye |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Rappleye |year=2010 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-4165-7091-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/robertm_rap_2010_00_1148/page/13 13] |url=https://archive.org/details/robertm_rap_2010_00_1148/page/13 }}</ref> In 1774, as resentment of the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government's]] policies towards the colonies and support for independence began burgeoning in the colonies, Philadelphia hosted the [[First Continental Congress]] at [[Carpenters' Hall]], and 12 of the original 13 colonies sent delegates to the Congress. From 1775 to 1781, Philadelphia hosted the [[Second Continental Congress]],<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web |title=View of Philadelphia, Circa 1770 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9578/ |work=[[Library of Congress]] |year=1770 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]] |access-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205330/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9578/ |url-status=live }}</ref> whose 56 delegated unanimously adopted the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] inside what was then called Pennsylvania State House and was later renamed [[Independence Hall]]. Written predominantly by [[Thomas Jefferson]] from his second-floor apartment on [[Market Street (Philadelphia)|Market Street]] within walking distance of Independence Hall, the Declaration has been described by [[Pulitzer Prize for History|Pulitzer Prize]]-winning historian [[Joseph Ellis]] as "the most potent and consequential words in American history,"<ref name="American Creation"/> and its adoption represented a declaration of war against [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]. Since the Declaration's July 4, 1776, adoption, its signing has been cited globally and repeatedly by various peoples of the world seeking independence and liberty. It also has been, since its adoption, the basis for annual celebration by Americans; in 1938, this celebration of the Declaration was formalized as [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]], one of only [[Federal holidays in the United States|eleven designated U.S. federal holidays]]. After [[George Washington]]'s defeat at the [[Battle of Brandywine]] in [[Chadds Ford Township, Pennsylvania|Chadds Ford Township]], on September 11, 1777, during the [[Philadelphia campaign]], the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia was defenseless, and the city prepared for what was perceived to be an inevitable British attack. Because bells could easily be recast into munitions, the [[Liberty Bell]], then known as the Pennsylvania State Bell, and bells from two Philadelphia churches, [[Christ Church, Philadelphia|Christ Church]] and [[St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Philadelphia)|St. Peter's Church]], were hastily taken down and transported by heavily guarded wagon train out of the city. The Liberty Bell was taken to [[High German Evangelical Reformed Church|Zion German Reformed Church]] in Northampton Town, which is present-day [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], where it was hidden under the church's floor boards for nine months from September 1777 until departure of British forces from Philadelphia in June 1778.<ref>Nash, p. 19</ref> Two Revolutionary War battles, the [[Siege of Fort Mifflin]], fought between September 26 and November 16, 1777, and the [[Battle of Germantown]], fought on October 4, 1777, took place within Philadelphia's city limits. In Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress adopted the [[Articles of Confederation]] on November 15, 1777. Independence Hall in Philadelphia was the meeting place for the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]], which ratified the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] on September 17, 1787, which is now the longest-standing codified national constitution. Philadelphia served as capital of the United States for most of the colonial and early post-colonial period. including for a decade, from 1790 to 1800, while Washington, D.C., was being constructed and prepared to serve as the new national capital, and [[List of capitals in the United States|on five prior occasions]] between 1776 and 1790.<ref>''Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings'', pages 30–33</ref> In 1793, the largest [[1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic|yellow fever epidemic]] in U.S. history killed approximately 4,000 to 5,000 people in Philadelphia, or about ten percent of the city's population at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Part 3: Philadelphia/The Yellow Fever Epidemic |work=Africans in America |publisher=PBS Online |year=1998 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1590.html |access-date=September 8, 2017 |archive-date=March 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321120827/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1590.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Arnebeck |first=Bob |title=A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US |work=Benjamin Rush, Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine |date=January 30, 2008 |url=http://geocities.com/bobarnebeck/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028142521/http://geocities.com/bobarnebeck/history.html |archive-date=October 28, 2009 |access-date=December 4, 2008 }}</ref> The capital of the United States was moved to Washington, D.C. in 1800 upon completion of the [[White House]] and [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] buildings. The state capital was moved from Philadelphia to [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] in 1799, then ultimately to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] in 1812. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until the late 18th century. It also was the nation's financial and cultural center until ultimately being eclipsed in total population by New York City in 1790. In 1816, the city's free Black community founded the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]], the first independent Black denomination in the country, and the first Black [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]]. The free Black community also established many schools for its children with the help of [[Quakers]]. Large-scale construction projects for new roads, [[canal]]s, and railroads made Philadelphia the first major [[Industrial Revolution|industrial]] city in the United States. ===19th century=== {{Further|Pennsylvania in the American Civil War}} [[File:Centennial Exhibition, Opening Day.jpg|thumb|Opening day ceremonies at the [[Centennial Exposition]] at [[Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)|Memorial Hall]] in [[Fairmount Park]] in 1876, the first [[World's fair|world fair]] held in the U.S. on the centennial anniversary of the nation's founding]] Throughout the 19th century, Philadelphia hosted a variety of industries and businesses; the largest was the [[textile industry]]. Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]], [[William Cramp & Sons|William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company]], and the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |editor-first=RF |editor-last=Weigley |title=Philadelphia: A 300-Year History |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=1982 |location=New York and London |pages=214, 218, 428–429 |isbn=0-393-01610-2 |oclc=8532897 |display-editors=etal |url=https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/214 }}</ref> Established in 1870, the Philadelphia Conveyancers' Association was chartered by the state in 1871. Along with the U.S. Centennial in 1876, the city's industry was celebrated in the [[Centennial Exposition]], the first official [[World's fair]] in the U.S. Immigrants, mostly from Ireland and Germany, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. These immigrants were largely responsible for the [[1835 Philadelphia general strike|first general strike in North America]] in 1835, in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday. The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] in the 1840s; housing for them was developed south of [[South Street (Philadelphia)|South Street]] and later occupied by succeeding immigrants. They established a network of [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] churches and schools and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades. Anti-Irish, anti-Catholic [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] [[Philadelphia nativist riots|riots]] erupted in Philadelphia in 1844. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the [[Act of Consolidation, 1854|Act of Consolidation of 1854]], which extended the city limits from the {{convert|2|sqmi}} of [[Center City, Philadelphia|Center City]] to the roughly {{convert|134|sqmi}} of [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia County]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphia.html |title=A Brief History of Philadelphia |access-date=December 14, 2006 |work=Philadelphia History |publisher=ushistory.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104085513/http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphia.html |archive-date=January 4, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Consolidation>{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/consolidation-act-of-1854/ |title=Consolidation Act of 1854 |access-date=September 17, 2014 |archive-date=November 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110124235/http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/consolidation-act-of-1854/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the latter half of the 19th century and leading into the 20th century, immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe, and Italy, and African Americans from the [[Southern United States|southern U.S.]] settled in the city.<ref>''Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings'', pages 38–39</ref> Philadelphia was represented by the [[Washington Grays (Philadelphia)|Washington Grays]] in the [[American Civil War]]. The African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559 between 1880 and 1930, largely stemming from the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] from the [[Southern United States|South]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/wphila/stats/census_lloyd.html |title=Notes on the historical development of population in West Philadelphia |website=University of Pennsylvania |access-date=January 16, 2010 |archive-date=June 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614195259/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/wphila/stats/census_lloyd.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php |title=Detroit and the Great Migration, 1916–1929 by Elizabeth Anne Martin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615144911/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php |archive-date=June 15, 2008 |date=July 5, 2007 |publisher=Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan }}</ref> ===20th century=== By the 20th century, Philadelphia had an entrenched [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[political machine]] and a complacent population.{{clarify|date=August 2024|reason=What is meant by a "complacent population"?}}<ref>''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'', pages 535, 537</ref> In 1910, [[Philadelphia general strike (1910)|a general strike]] shut down the entire city.<ref name="AFL">Foner, Philip S. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vIn-bO2Oe1cC&pg=PA143 The General Strike in Philadelphia—1910] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713051302/https://books.google.com/books?id=vIn-bO2Oe1cC&pg=PA143 |date=July 13, 2023 }}'' Ch 6 of History of the labor movement in the United States, Vol. 5: The AFL in the Progressive Era 1910 - 1915. International Publishers Co. {{ISBN|0-7178-0562-X}}. Accessed June 29, 2011, at Google Books.</ref> In 1917, following outrage over the election-year murder of a Philadelphia police officer, the [[Philadelphia City Council|City Council]] shrank from two houses to just one.<ref>''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'', pages 563 – 564</ref> In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a [[Race riots in Philadelphia during the 1919 Red Summer|race riot]] during [[Red Summer]] in post-[[World War I]] unrest as recent immigrants competed with Blacks for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] laws, [[organized crime]], mob violence, and corrupt police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of [[Brigadier general|Brig. Gen.]] [[Smedley Butler]] of the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] as the city's director of public safety, but political pressure still prevented long-term success in fighting crime and corruption.<ref>''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'', pages 578 – 581</ref> In 1940, [[non-Hispanic whites]] constituted 86.8% of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref> In 1950, the population peaked at more than two million residents, then began to decline with the restructuring of industry that led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs. In addition, suburbanization enticed many affluent residents to depart the city for its outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing. The resulting reduction in Philadelphia's tax base and the resources of local government caused the city to struggle through a long period of adjustment, and it approached bankruptcy by the late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.picapa.org/docs/OW/19961015_A_Foreboding_Future_for_Philadelphia.pdf |title=Continuing Economic Decline: A Foreboding Future for Philadelphia |date=October 15, 1996 |journal=White Paper |access-date=September 29, 2015 |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910172147/http://www.picapa.org/docs/OW/19961015_A_Foreboding_Future_for_Philadelphia.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philadelphia's Changing Middle Class: After Decades of Decline, Prospects for Growth |url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2014/02/24/philadelphias-changing-middle-class-after-decades-of-decline-prospects-for-growth |website=www.pewtrusts.org |date=February 24, 2014 |access-date=September 29, 2015 |archive-date=September 30, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024050/http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2014/02/24/philadelphias-changing-middle-class-after-decades-of-decline-prospects-for-growth |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1985, the [[1985 MOVE bombing|MOVE Bombing]] of the [[Cobbs Creek, Philadelphia|Cobbs Creek]] neighborhood by city helicopters occurred, killing 11 and destroying 61 homes.<ref name="Demby 2015">{{cite web |last1=Demby |first1=Gene |date=May 13, 2015 |title=I'm From Philly. 30 Years Later, I'm Still Trying To Make Sense Of The MOVE Bombing |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/13/406243272/im-from-philly-30-years-later-im-still-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-move-bombing |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=NPR |publisher=National Public Radio, Inc. |ref=Demby 2015 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111094018/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/13/406243272/im-from-philly-30-years-later-im-still-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-move-bombing |url-status=live }}</ref> Revitalization and [[gentrification]] of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century with much of the development occurring in the [[Center City, Philadelphia|Center City]] and [[University City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|University City]] neighborhoods. But this expanded a shortage of [[affordable housing]] in the city. After many manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down, the city started attracting service businesses and began to market itself more aggressively as a tourist destination. Contemporary glass-and-granite [[List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia|skyscrapers]] were built in Center City beginning in the 1980s. Historic areas such as [[Old City, Philadelphia|Old City]] and [[Society Hill]] were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s, making both areas among the most desirable Center City neighborhoods. Immigrants from around the world began to enter the U.S. through Philadelphia as their gateway, leading to a reversal of the city's population decline between 1950 and 2000, during which it lost about 25 percent of its residents.<ref>''Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings'', pages 44–45</ref><ref>''A Concise History of Philadelphia'', page 78</ref> ===21st century=== Philadelphia eventually began experiencing a growth in its population in 2007, which continued with incremental annual increases through the present.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/197903331.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319073844/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/197903331.html |archive-date=March 19, 2013 |title=Census: Phila. keeps on growing |first1=Dylan |last1=Purcell |first2=Karie |last2=Simmons |date=March 14, 2013 |website=philly.com }}</ref><ref name="Pop Estimate">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/philadelphiacountypennsylvania |title=QuickFacts Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-date=January 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101141044/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/philadelphiacountypennsylvania |url-status=live }}</ref> A migration pattern has been established from New York City to Philadelphia by residents opting for a large city with relative proximity and a lower [[cost of living]].<ref name=NYCMigrationToPhiladephia1>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2022/09/08/influx-of-new-york-transplants-to-philadelphia.amp.html |title=New Yorkers keep moving to Philadelphia, and local Realtors say the influx has 'raised the bar' |author=Ryan Mulligan |publisher=bizjournals.com |date=September 8, 2022 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224152/https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2022/09/08/influx-of-new-york-transplants-to-philadelphia.amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NYCMigrationToPhiladephia2>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html |title=Leaving New York to Find the American Dream in Philadelphia |author=Matt Katz |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 20, 2018 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224152/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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