Editing Philadelphia Stock Exchange (section)

==History==
===1790–1875: Board of Brokers===
Over its more than 200 years in existence, the Philadelphia Stock Exchange has had various titles and has been located in various buildings around Philadelphia. Founded in 1790 as the "Board of Brokers," it was located at the Merchants Coffee House, now known as the City Tavern, at the corner of Second and Walnut Streets.<ref>This source says 1791: Thomas Cochrane, "Philadelphia: The American Industrial Center, 1750-1850," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 106, 3 (July 1982): 327 but for 1790 see John P. Caskey, "The Philadelphia Stock Exchange: Adapting to Survive in Changing Markets," Business History Review 78, 3 (Autumn 2004): 453-54.</ref>

In 1831, [[Stephen Girard’s Bank]] had formed the "Philadelphia Merchant’s Exchange Company" to erect a new building to house the Board of Brokers and other groups.  The Board of Brokers moved into the [[Merchants' Exchange Building (Philadelphia)|Merchants Exchange Building]] at 3rd and Dock Streets in 1834 following a fire at the coffee house.

On June 20, 1857, the Board of Brokers of Philadelphia transacted no business in the stock board, as their annual dinner was held that day.<ref name=nyt-board-dinner>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Annual Dinner of the Board of Brokers of Philadelphia. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E0DF163CEE34BC4A51DFB066838C649FDE&legacy=true | work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York City, United States |page=5 |date=June 22, 1857 |access-date=March 21, 2017}}</ref>

As of January 1, 1874, the par price for membership in the Philadelphia Board of Brokers was $1,000, with 198 seats, and "not others are attainable under $2,000 each." The board represented a market capital of around $350,000.
<ref name=nyt-stckboard-p>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Philadelphia Stock Board |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CE4DE173BEF34BC4953DFB766838F669FDE&legacy=true | work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York City, United States |page=5 |date= January 1, 1874|access-date=March 21, 2017}}</ref>

===1875–1949: Philadelphia Stock Exchange===
In 1875, the Board of Brokers changed its name to the Philadelphia Stock Exchange.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sylla |first=Richard |date=2011 |title=The Philadelphia Stock Exchange and the City It Made. By Domenic Vitiello, with George E. Thomas |url=https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/60322 |journal=Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |language=en |issn=2169-8546}}</ref>

In 1876, the exchange moved to the rear of the Girard Bank Building, formerly the [[First Bank of the United States]]. It stayed there until 1888.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=1888-08-23 |title=SLIGHT NET CHANGE |pages=1 |work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]}}</ref> From 1888 to 1902, the exchange moved to the Drexel Building which was located near Fifth Street and Chestnut.<ref name=":0" /> Between 1902 and 1912, the exchange returned to the [[Merchants' Exchange Building (Philadelphia)|Merchants Exchange Building]]. In 1913, it moved to a building at 1411 Walnut Street, now listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>[https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/82003812 "Philadelphia Stock Exchange"] NPGallery Digital Asset Management System</ref>

In 1951, the exchange moved to the Central Penn Bank Building at 1401 Walnut Street. It stayed there until 1966 when it moved to a newly constructed building (currently the Sofitel Hotel) at 17th and Sansom. The 1700 block of Ionic Street, a narrow thoroughfare just north of this building, was renamed Stock Exchange Place and was still signed as such as of 2017.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

In December 1968, in response to a fiscal crisis, Philadelphia imposed a $0.05 per share stock transfer tax for all transactions on the PHLX.  On January 2, 1969, the PHLX moved its trading floor to an office building, then known as the Decker Building, just across a street from the city boundaries in [[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania|Bala Cynwyd]] to avoid the tax.  In February, a court ruled that the tax was illegal, and the PHLX moved its trading floor back to its headquarters in the city.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

In 1981, the exchange moved to 19th and Market, where it stayed until 2017 when it moved to its current location in the newly built [[FMC Tower]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phillymag.com/business/2017/04/21/nasdaq-phlx-trading-floor-open-fmc-tower-philadelphia/|title=Nasdaq PHLX Trading Floor Now Open at FMC Tower|date=2017-04-21|work=Philadelphia Magazine|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref>

===1949–present: Mergers===
The exchange merged with the [[Baltimore Stock Exchange]] in 1949. The exchange was then named the Philadelphia-Baltimore Stock Exchange.<ref name=city-made>{{cite book |last=E. Thomas |first=George |date=March 17, 2010 |title=The Philadelphia Stock Exchange and the City It Made |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLTkFrbu03AC&q=%22Baltimore+Stock+Exchange%22&pg=PA236 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |page=235 |isbn=9780812242249 }}</ref> The Baltimore Stock Exchange then migrated out of its Baltimore Stock Exchange Building, later renamed the Totman Building, to a new home base in Philadelphia.<ref name=quartz>{{cite news |last=Foxman |first=Simone |date=July 16, 2013 |title=Seven things to do with superfluous trading floors|url=https://qz.com/102735/seven-things-to-do-with-superfluous-trading-floors/ |work=Quartz |access-date=March 24, 2017}}</ref>

The exchange merged with the [[Washington Stock Exchange]] in 1954. The exchange was known as the Philadelphia-Baltimore-Washington Stock Exchange (often abbreviated as PBW) after those mergers. In 1969, the exchange acquired the [[Pittsburgh Stock Exchange]], and maintained an auxiliary trading floor in [[Pittsburgh]] until 1974.

On October 22, 1981, trading was halted on both the [[Chicago Board of Trade]] and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange after anonymous callers said bombs had been placed in those buildings.

In 2005, a number of large financial firms purchased stakes in the exchange as a hedge against growing consolidation of stock trading by the [[New York Stock Exchange]] and [[Nasdaq]]. These firms—[[Morgan Stanley]], [[Citigroup]], [[Credit Suisse First Boston]], [[UBS AG|UBS]], [[Merrill Lynch]] and [[Citadel LLC]]—collectively owned about 89% of the exchange.

On October 20, 2007, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that the exchange was for sale by a group of its shareholders, and was expected to be sold for about $600 million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lucchetti |first=Aaron |title=Exchanges, Trading Firms, Consider Bids for Phil-Ex |work=The Wall Street Journal |pages=B3 |publisher=Dow Jones & Company
|date=October 20, 2007 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119280469300764890 |access-date=October 22, 2007}}</ref>

On November 7, 2007, [[NASDAQ]] announced a "definitive agreement" to purchase PHLX for $652 million, with the transaction expected to close in early 2008.<ref name=nasdaq-acquire/> On July 24, 2008, the acquisition was completed, creating the third-largest options market in the U.S.

On October 29, 2012, the stock exchange was shut down for two days due to [[Hurricane Sandy]]. The last time the stock exchange was closed due to weather for a full two days was on March 12 and 13, 1888.

As of 2014, the exchange handles trades for approximately 3,600 [[Equity (finance)|equity]] options, 15 index options, and a number of [[Foreign-exchange option|FX]] options. The PHLX has more than 16% of United States market share in exchange-listed stock and ETF options trading.

In March 2020, the PHLX announced plans to temporarily move to all-electronic trading on March 23, 2020, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia|COVID-19 pandemic]]. Along with the [[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]] and the [[Boston Stock Exchange|BSE]], the PHLX reopened on May 26, 2020.