Editing Phonograph record (section)

==Overview==
{{listen
| filename     = 78tours.ogv
| title        = 78&nbsp;rpm video
| description  = Video of a 1936 spring-motor-driven 78&nbsp;rpm acoustic (non-electronic) gramophone playing a [[shellac]] record.
| format       = [[Ogv]]
}}

The phonograph record was the primary medium used for music reproduction throughout the 20th century. It had co-existed with the [[phonograph cylinder]] from the late 1880s and had effectively superseded it by around 1912. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as the [[compact cassette]] were mass-marketed. By the 1980s, [[digital audio|digital media]], in the form of the [[compact disc]], had gained a larger market share, and the record left the mainstream in 1991.<ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/514312171.html?dids=514312171:514312171&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+09%2C+1991&author=&pub=The+Record&desc=It's+almost+final+for+vinyl%3A+Record+manufacturers+dwindle+in+the+U.+S.&pqatl=google It's almost final for vinyl: Record manufacturers dwindle in the U.S.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116093809/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/514312171.html?dids=514312171:514312171&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+09%2C+1991&author=&pub=The+Record&desc=It's+almost+final+for+vinyl%3A+Record+manufacturers+dwindle+in+the+U.+S.&pqatl=google |date=16 January 2013 }}. ''Kitchener – Waterloo Record'' – Kitchener, Ont., 9 January 1991.</ref> Since the 1990s, records continue to be manufactured and sold on a smaller scale, and during the 1990s and early 2000s were commonly used by [[disc jockey]]s (DJs), especially in dance music genres. They were also listened to by a growing number of [[audiophile]]s. The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence in the early 21st century,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/89616 |title=Millennials push 2015 record sales to 26-year high in US |work=NME.COM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226181613/http://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/89616 |archive-date=26 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-11/27/vinyl-sales-uk |title=Vinyl sales pass 1m for first time this century |magazine=Wired UK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420092353/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-11/27/vinyl-sales-uk |archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> growing increasingly popular throughout the 2010s and 2020s.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=2023-01-11 |title=U.S. Vinyl Album Sales Rise for 17th Straight Year — But Growth Is Slowing |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/vinyl-album-sales-rise-growth-slowing/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Ida 1924 recording cast.jpg|thumb|Conductor and cast members of the [[D'Oyly Carte Opera Company]] with [[acoustic recording]] horn at [[His Master's Voice (British record label)|His Master's Voice]], c. 1924]]
[[Phonograph]] records are generally described by their [[diameter]] in inches (12-inch, 10-inch, 7-inch), the [[rotational speed]] in [[revolutions per minute]] (rpm) at which they are played ({{frac|8|1|3}}, {{frac|16|2|3}}, {{frac|33|1|3}}, 45, 78),<ref>The 2 slower speeds used by [[the Library of Congress]] to supply [[the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped]].</ref> and their time capacity, determined by their diameter and speed (LP [long play], 12-inch disc, {{frac|33|1|3}}&nbsp;rpm; EP [extended play], 12-inch disc or 7-inch disc, {{frac|33|1|3}} or 45&nbsp;rpm; Single, 7-inch or 10-inch disc, 45 or 78&nbsp;rpm); their reproductive quality, or level of [[fidelity]] (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.); and the number of audio channels ([[Monaural|mono]], [[stereo]], [[Quadraphonic sound|quad]], etc.).{{cn|date=July 2024}}

The phrase ''[[#Vinyl|broken record]]'' refers to a malfunction when the needle skips/jumps back to the previous groove and plays the same section over and over again indefinitely.<ref name=BrokenRec.IW>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Information Week]] |title=A Whole New Ball Game|page=176|quote=when broken or scratched ... repeating the same music or words over and over again |author=Bob Evans|date=8 November 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://wordplay.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/record |title=Saturday: Sounds Like a Broken Record |quote=repetitive sounds .. this means the record SKIPS its groove|author=Deb Amlen |date=7 October 2011}}</ref>

=== Naming ===
The various names have included '''phonograph record''' (American English), '''gramophone record''' (British English), record, vinyl, [[LP record|LP]] (originally a trademark of [[Columbia Records]]), black disc,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary.com {{!}} Meanings & Definitions of English Words |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/black-disc |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> album, and more [[Slang|informally]] platter,<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAA Dictionary: platter |url=https://dictionary.archivists.org/entry/platter.html |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=dictionary.archivists.org}}</ref> wax,<ref>{{Cite web |title=vinyl {{!}} Etymology of vinyl by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/vinyl |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> or liquorice pizza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=licorice pizza |url=https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/licorice+pizza |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=TheFreeDictionary.com |language=en}}</ref>