Editing Photograph manipulation (section)

== History and techniques ==
[[File:Retouche-set.jpg |thumb |upright=1.2|Early retouching tools: [[gouache]] paint, [[kneaded eraser]]s, [[Charcoal (art)|charcoal sticks]], and an [[airbrush]], the latter giving rise to the phrase "airbrushed from history"]]
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| image1=1852 Calhoun - Lincoln - photo manipulation.jpg |caption1= [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s head superimposed on a print of [[John C. Calhoun]] was not discovered for almost a century, when photojournalist [[Stefan Lorant]] noticed Lincoln's mole was on the wrong side of his face.<ref name=NatGeo_20240312>{{cite magazine |last1=Yang |first1=Allie |title=It's harder than ever to identify a manipulated photo. Here's where to start. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/digitally-manipulated-ai-altered-photo-images |magazine=National Geographic |date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313031414/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/digitally-manipulated-ai-altered-photo-images |archive-date=13 March 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image2=Ulysses S. Grant at City Point.jpg |caption2= [[Ulysses S. Grant|General Grant]] at [[City Point, Virginia|City Point]] is a composite of three different photographs.
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Photo manipulation dates back to some of the earliest photographs captured on [[ambrotype|glass]] and [[tintype|tin plates]] during the 19th century. The practice began not long after the creation of the first photograph (1825) by [[Joseph Nicéphore Niépce]] who developed [[heliography]] and made the first photographic print from a photoengraved printing plate.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1885093.stm |work=BBC News |date=21 March 2002 |title=World's oldest photo sold to library |quote=The image of an engraving depicting a man leading a horse was made in 1825 by Nicephore Niepce, who invented a technique known as heliogravure. |access-date=2011-11-17}}</ref><ref name=Farid>{{cite web |url=http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~beki/cs4001/history.pdf/ |title=Photo Tampering Throughout History |first=Hany |last=Farid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908155915/http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~beki/cs4001/history.pdf |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Traditional photographic prints can be altered using various methods and techniques that involve manipulation directly to the print, such as retouching with ink, paint, [[airbrush]]ing, or scratching [[Polaroid film|Polaroids]] during developing ([[Polaroid art]]).<ref name=Scratch>{{cite web |url=http://www.pola-art.de/technique/ |title=How to manipulate SX-70? |work=Polaroid SX-70 Art |publisher=Skylab Portfolio |editor=Klaus Wolfer |access-date=February 2, 2016 |archive-date=February 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213080250/http://www.pola-art.de/technique/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Negatives can be manipulated while still in the camera using double-exposure techniques, or in the [[darkroom]] by piecing photos or negatives together. Some darkroom manipulations involved techniques such as bleaching to artfully lighten or totally wash out parts of the photograph, hand coloring for aesthetic purposes, or mimicking a fine art painting.<ref name="Warren">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31VsBgAAQBAJ&q=Darkroom+manipulations+are+traditional+art&pg=PA1007 |title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, 3-Volume Set |publisher=Routledge |author=Lynne Warren |year=2006 |pages=1007 |isbn=978-1-135-20536-2}}</ref>

In the early 19th century, photography and the technology that made it possible were rather crude and cumbersome. While the equipment and technology progressed over time, it was not until the late 20th century that photography evolved into the digital realm. In the 20th century, digital retouching became available with [[Quantel]] computers running [[Quantel Paintbox|Paintbox]] in professional environments,<ref name="Sasso">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-I2M80f7KwC&q=digital+retouching+with+Quantel+computers&pg=PA124 |title=Abduzeedo Inspiration Guide for Designers |author=Fabio Sasso |publisher=Pearson Education |page=124 |isbn=978-0-13-268472-9 |date=July 2011}}</ref> which, alongside other contemporary packages, were effectively replaced in the market by editing software for [[Graphic image developer|graphic imaging]], such as [[Adobe Photoshop]] and [[GIMP]]. At the onset, digital photography was considered by some to be a radical new approach and was initially rejected by photographers because of its substandard quality.<ref name="Peres">{{cite book |last=Peres |first=Michael |title=The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, Fourth Edition |year=2007 |publisher=Focal Press; 4 edition |isbn=978-0-240-80740-9 |page=Preface, 24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYyldcYfq3MC&pg=PR23 |access-date=January 30, 2016}}</ref> The transition from film to digital has been an ongoing process, although much progress was made in the early 21st century as a result of innovation that has greatly improved digital image quality while reducing the bulk and weight of cameras and equipment.<ref name=Adobe>{{cite web |url=https://www.adobe.com/digitalimag/pdfs/phscs2ip_filmtodig.pdf |publisher=Adobe Systems Incorporated |title=Making The Transition From Film To Digital |author-first=Michael |author-last=Reichmann |author-link=Michael Reichmann |date=2006}}</ref>

[[Ansel Adams]] used [[Burning and dodging|darkroom exposure techniques]], burning (darkening) and dodging (lightening) a photograph.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whitherthebook.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/ansel-adams-and-photography-before-photoshop/ |title=Ansel Adams, and Photography Before Photoshop |author=Jack Dziamba |date=February 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite interview |title=Artbeat |date=November 29, 2012 |access-date=January 30, 2016 |author=Mia Fineman |interviewer=Tom Legro |work=PBS Newshour |publisher=WPBT2 |location=South Florida |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/art/slide-show-what-did-we-do-before-photoshop/}}</ref>

Whereas manipulating photographs with tools such as Photoshop and GIMP is generally skill-intensive and time-consuming, the 21st century has seen the arrival of image editing software powered by advanced algorithms which allow complex transformations to be mostly automated.<ref name="DigitalBeauty">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266378457 |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |title=Digital Beauty |last1=Corcoran |first1=Peter |date=October 2014 |doi=10.1109/MCE.2014.2338573 |s2cid=3024848}}</ref> For example, [[beauty filters]] which smooth skin tone and create more visually pleasing facial proportions (for example, by enlarging a subject's eyes) are available within a number of widely used social media apps such as [[Instagram]] and [[TikTok]], and can be applied in real-time to live video. Such features are also available in dedicated image editing mobile applications like [[Facetune]]. Some, such as [[FaceApp]] use [[deep-learning]] algorithms to automate complex, content-aware transformations, such as changing the age or gender of the subject of a photo, or modifying their facial expression.<ref name="TheVerge2017a">{{cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |title=This app uses neural networks to put a smile on anybody's face |website=[[The Verge]] |date=27 May 2019 |access-date=13 June 2017 |url=https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/1/27/14412814/faceapp-neural-networks-ai-smile-image-manipulation}}</ref>

The term ''[[deepfake]]'' was coined in 2017 to refer to real images and videos generated with deep-learning techniques. The alterations can be created for entertainment purposes, or more nefarious purposes such as spreading [[disinformation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellemare |first=Andrea |date=July 5, 2019 |title=The real 'fake news': how to spot misinformation and disinformation online |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/fake-news-misinformation-online-1.5196865 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Canadian Broadcast Corporation}}</ref> Fraudulent creations can be used to conduct [[Defamation|malicious attacks]], political gains, [[financial crime]], or [[fraud]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How deepfakes could impact the 2019 Canadian election |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/federal-election-2019/how-deepfakes-could-impact-the-2019-canadian-election-1.4586847 |last=Bogart |first=Nicole |date=2019-09-10 |publisher=CTV News |work=Federal Election 2019 |language=en |access-date=2020-04-30 |archive-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125195302/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/federal-election-2019/how-deepfakes-could-impact-the-2019-canadian-election-1.4586847 |url-status=dead }}</ref> More recently, deep fakes superimposing the faces of celebrities and other persons onto those of pornographic performers for the purpose of creating pornographic material has become prevalent; [[deepfake pornography]] has been criticized due to issues with lack of consent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahdawi |first=Arwa |date=2023-04-01 |title=Nonconsensual deep fake porn is an emergency that is ruining lives |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/apr/01/ai-deepfake-porn-fake-images |access-date=2023-04-03 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Raw [[Astrophotography|astronomical images]] of [[Astronomical object|celestial objects]] are usually generated from data provided by complex digital cameras.<ref name=PopSci_20240418/> Raw images include [[Binary image|binary (black-and-white)]] or [[grayscale]] data generated in response to [[infrared]] or [[ultraviolet]] or other energy lying outside the [[light|visible light]] [[Electromagnetic spectrum|spectrum]]—requiring people to make technical decisions for how to transform the raw digital data into colorized pictures for human viewing.<ref name=PopSci_20240418/> For example, in images from the [[James Webb Space Telescope]] and [[Hubble Space Telescope]], the usual transformation is to use blue for the shortest wavelengths, red for the longest wavelengths, and green for intermediate wavelengths.<ref name=PopSci_20240418/> Both scientific accuracy and visual appeal contribute to the decisions, for both enabling accurate analysis by scientists and providing visual interest for the public.<ref name=PopSci_20240418/> Also, science visualization specialists sometimes stack images together, stitch observations from different instruments, enhance contrast, and remove [[Artifact (error)|artifacts]].<ref name=PopSci_20240418>{{cite magazine |last1=Lewis |first1=Briley |title=Where do all those colors in space telescope images come from? |url=https://www.popsci.com/science/telescope-images/ |magazine=Popular Science |date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422085910/https://www.popsci.com/science/telescope-images/ |archive-date=22 April 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>