Editing Photometer (section)

==History==
Before electronic light sensitive elements were developed, [[Photometry (optics)|photometry]] was done by estimation by the eye.  The relative [[luminous flux]] of a source was compared with a standard source. The photometer is placed such that the  illuminance from the source being investigated is equal to the standard source, as the human eye can judge equal illuminance. The relative luminous fluxes can then be calculated as the illuminance decreases proportionally to the inverse square of distance. A standard example of such a photometer consists of a piece of paper with an oil spot on it that makes the paper slightly more transparent. When the spot is not visible from either side, the illuminance from the two sides is equal.

By 1861, three types were in common use.<ref>{{cite book|last=Draper|first=John William|title=A textbook on chemistry|year=1861|publisher=Harper and Brothers|location=NY|page=78}}</ref> These were Rumford's photometer, Ritchie's photometer, and photometers that used the extinction of shadows, which was considered to be the most precise.

===Rumford's photometer===
[[File:Rumfords Photometer.jpg|thumbnail|Rumford's photometer]]
Rumford's photometer (also called a shadow photometer) depended on the principle that a brighter light would cast a deeper shadow. The two lights to be compared were used to cast a shadow onto paper. If the shadows were of the same depth, the difference in distance of the lights would indicate the difference in intensity (e.g. a light twice as far would be four times the intensity).

===Ritchie's photometer===
[[File:Ritchies Photometer.png|thumb|Ritchie's photometer]]
Ritchie's photometer depends upon equal illumination of surfaces. It consists of a box (a,b) six or eight inches long, and one in width and depth. In the middle, a wedge of wood (f,e,g) was angled upwards and covered with white paper. The user's eye looked through a tube (d) at the top of a box. The height of the apparatus was also adjustable via the stand (c). The lights to compare were placed at the side of the box (m, n)—which illuminated the paper surfaces so that the eye saw both surfaces at once. By changing the position of the lights, they were made to illuminate both surfaces equally, with the difference in intensity corresponding to the square of the difference in distance.

===Method of extinction of shadows===
This type of photometer depended on the fact that if a light throws the shadow of an opaque object onto a white screen, there is a certain distance that, if a second light is brought there, obliterates all traces of the shadow.