Editing Photosystem (section)

==Reaction centers==
{{main|Photosynthetic reaction centre}}
Reaction centers are multi-protein complexes found within the [[Thylakoid|thylakoid membrane.]]

At the heart of a photosystem lies the [[photosynthetic reaction centre|reaction center]], which is an [[enzyme]] that uses light to [[redox|reduce]] and oxidize molecules (give off and take up electrons). This reaction center is surrounded by [[light-harvesting complex]]es that enhance the absorption of light.

In addition, surrounding the reaction center are [[pigment]]s which will absorb light. The pigments which absorb light at the highest energy level are found furthest from the reaction center. On the other hand, the pigments with the lowest energy level are more closely associated with the reaction center. Energy will be efficiently transferred from the outer part of the antenna complex to the inner part. This funneling of energy is performed via resonance transfer, which occurs when energy from an excited molecule is transferred to a molecule in the ground state. This ground state molecule will be excited, and the process will continue between molecules all the way to the reaction center. At the reaction center, the electrons on the special chlorophyll molecule will be excited and ultimately transferred away by electron carriers. (If the electrons were not transferred away after excitation to a high energy state, they would lose energy by fluorescence back to the ground state, which would not allow plants to drive photosynthesis.) The reaction center will drive photosynthesis by taking light and turning it into chemical energy<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gisriel|first1=Christopher|last2=Sarrou|first2=Iosifina|last3=Ferlez|first3=Bryan|last4=Golbeck|first4=John H.|last5=Redding|first5=Kevin E.|last6=Fromme|first6=Raimund|date=2017-09-08|title=Structure of a symmetric photosynthetic reaction center–photosystem|journal=Science|language=en|volume=357|issue=6355|pages=1021–1025|doi=10.1126/science.aan5611|issn=0036-8075|pmid=28751471|bibcode=2017Sci...357.1021G |doi-access=free}}</ref> that can then be used by the chloroplast.<ref name=":0" />

Two families of reaction centers in photosystems can be distinguished: type I reaction centers (such as [[photosystem 1|photosystem I]] ([[P700]]) in chloroplasts and in green-sulfur bacteria)  and type II reaction centers (such as [[photosystem II]] ([[P680]]) in chloroplasts and in non-sulfur purple bacteria). The two photosystems originated from a common ancestor, but have since diversified.<ref name=pmid16887904>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sadekar S, Raymond J, Blankenship RE |author3-link=Robert E. Blankenship| title = Conservation of distantly related membrane proteins: photosynthetic reaction centers share a common structural core | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 23 | issue = 11 | pages = 2001–7 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 16887904 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msl079 | doi-access =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29603081">{{cite journal | vauthors = Orf GS, Gisriel C, Redding KE | title = Evolution of photosynthetic reaction centers: insights from the structure of the heliobacterial reaction center | journal = Photosynthesis Research | volume = 138 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–37 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 29603081 | doi = 10.1007/s11120-018-0503-2 | bibcode = 2018PhoRe.138...11O | osti = 1494566 | s2cid = 4473759 }}</ref>

Each of the photosystem can be identified by the [[wavelength]] of light to which it is most reactive (700 [[nanometer]]s for PSI and 680 nanometers for PSII in chloroplasts), the amount and type of light-harvesting complex present, and the type of terminal electron acceptor used.

Type I photosystems use [[ferredoxin]]-like iron-sulfur cluster proteins as terminal electron acceptors, while type II photosystems ultimately shuttle electrons to a [[quinone]] terminal electron acceptor. Both reaction center types are present in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, and work together to form a unique photosynthetic chain able to extract electrons from water, creating oxygen as a byproduct.