Editing Pie chart (section)

==History==
The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to [[William Playfair]]'s ''Statistical Breviary'' of 1801, in which two such graphs are used.<ref name="Spence2005"/><ref name="Tufte, p. 44"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/index.php?group=1800+&mid=ms89|title=Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization 
|website=www.datavis.ca}}</ref> Playfair presented an illustration, which contained a series of pie charts. One of those charts depicted the proportions of the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish Empire]] located in [[Asia]], [[Europe]] and [[Africa]] before 1789. This invention was not widely used at first.<ref name="Spence2005"/>

Playfair thought that pie charts were in need of a third dimension to add additional information.<ref>Palsky, p. 144–145</ref>

[[Florence Nightingale]] may not have invented the pie chart, but she adapted it to make it more readable, which fostered its wide use, still today. Nightingale reconfigured the pie chart making the length of the wedges variable instead of their width. The graph, then, resembled a [[Comb (anatomy)|cock's comb]].<ref name="Who Made That Pie Chart">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/magazine/who-made-that-pie-chart.html|title=Who Made That Pie Chart?|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 April 2012|last1=Greenbaum|first1=Hilary|last2=Rubinstein|first2=Dana}}</ref> She was later assumed to have created it due to the obscurity and lack of practicality of Playfair's creation.<ref>[http://uktv.co.uk/dave/article/aid/631002 Dave article on this information on QI]</ref> Nightingale's [[polar area diagram]],<ref name=Cohen1984>{{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=I. Bernard |author-link=I. Bernard Cohen |title=Florence Nightingale |journal=Scientific American |volume=250 |pages=128–137 |date=March 1984 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0384-128 |pmid= 6367033 |issue= 3 |bibcode=1984SciAm.250c.128C}} (alternative pagination depending on country of sale: 98–107, bibliography on p. 114) [http://www.unc.edu/~nielsen/soci708/ online article – see documents link at left]</ref>{{rp|page=107}} or occasionally the '''Nightingale rose diagram''', equivalent to a modern circular [[histogram]], to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed, was published in Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of the British Army and sent to Queen Victoria in 1858. According to the historian Hugh Small, "she may have been the first to use [pie charts] for persuading people of the need for change."<ref name="Who Made That Pie Chart"/>

The French engineer [[Charles Joseph Minard]] also used pie charts, in 1858. A map of his from 1858 used pie charts to represent the cattle sent from all around [[France]] for consumption in [[Paris]].

{{Gallery
|title=Early types of pie charts in the 19th century
|width=200 | height=240 |align=center
|footer=
|File:Playfair piecharts.jpg
 |alt1=Pie charts from William Playfair's "Statistical Breviary", 1801
 |Pie charts from William Playfair's "Statistical Breviary", 1801
|Image:Playfair-piechart.jpg
 |alt2=One of the earliest pie charts, 1801 
 |One of the earliest pie charts, 1801 
|Image:Minard-carte-viande-1858.png
 |alt3=Minard's map, 1858
 |Minard's map, 1858
|Image:Nightingale-mortality.jpg
 |alt4=Polar chart by Florence Nightingale, 1858
 |Polar chart by [[Florence Nightingale]], 1858
}}