Editing Pierre Poujade (section)

==Biography==
Pierre Poujade was born in [[Saint-Céré]] (Le Lot), France, and studied at Collège Saint-Eugène d'Aurillac, a Roman Catholic private school. On the death of his father, an architect, in 1928, he was unable to afford the tuition and left school to work as a manual laborer. As a teenager, Poujade joined the [[Parti populaire français]] (PPF) of [[Jacques Doriot]].<ref name="obit" />

From 1940 to 1942, Poujade supported the [[Révolution nationale]] of [[Philippe Pétain]]. After the [[Case Anton|invasion of the free zone]] by German forces, he joined the [[Free French Forces]] in [[Algiers]], where he met his future wife, Yvette Seva, with whom he would have five children.<ref name="obit" />

===Poujadism===
[[File:Epinglette de l'Union de Défense des Commerçants et des Artisans.jpg|thumb|Logo of the organisation]]
After the war, Poujade was the owner of a book and stationery store.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Foreign News: An Ordinary Frenchman|magazine=Time Magazine|date=19 March 1956|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824029-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025083728/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824029-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

On 23 July 1953, with a group of about 20 persons, Poujade prevented inspectors of the tax board from verifying the income of another shopkeeper. This was the start of a [[tax protest]] movement by shopkeepers, first in the [[Lot (department)|Lot]] department, then in the [[Aveyron]] department, and finally the whole south of the [[Massif Central]].<ref name="time" />

On 29 November 1953, Pierre Poujade created the ''[[Union de Défense des Commerçants et Artisans]]'' (UDCA; Defense Union of Shopkeepers and Craftsmen), to organize the tax protesters. This movement would soon be called "'''Poujadism'''" (French: ''Poujadisme'').<ref name="time" /> Poujadism flourished most vigorously in the last years of the [[Fourth French Republic|Fourth Republic]], and articulated the economic interests and grievances of shopkeepers and other proprietor-managers of small businesses facing economic and social change. The main themes of Poujadism concerned the defense of the [[commoner|common man]] against the elites.<ref name="time" />

In addition to the protest against the income tax and the price control imposed by finance minister [[Antoine Pinay]] to limit inflation, Poujadism was opposed to [[Industrialisation|industrialization]], [[urbanization]], and American-style [[Modernization theory|modernization]], which were perceived as a threat to the identity of rural France.<ref name=":0">Serieys, Jacques (23 July 2009). "23 juillet 1953 : Pierre Poujade lance le poujadisme sur le Lot, l'Aveyron puis la France rurale entière. Remarques sur le mouvement des commerçants et artisans". Parti de Gauche: Midi-Pyrénées, 23 July 2009. Retrieved from http://www.prs12.com/spip.php?article3648 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004044538/http://www.prs12.com/spip.php?article3648 |date=4 October 2011 }}.</ref> 

The movement's "common man" populism led to [[antiparliamentarism]] (Poujade called the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] "the biggest [[brothel]] in Paris" and the deputies a "pile of [[Solid waste|rubbish]]" and "[[Pederasty|paederasts]]"), a strong [[anti-intellectualism]] (Poujade denounced the graduates from the [[École Polytechnique]] as the main culprits for the woes of 1950s France and boasted that he had no book learning), [[xenophobia]], and [[antisemitism]], particularly aimed against Jewish Prime Minister [[Pierre Mendès France]], with Poujade claiming "Mendès is French only as the word added to his name". Mendès was perceived as being responsible for the loss of [[French Indochina]].<ref name="video">Source Unknown (date unknown). Video of a speech of Poujade against Mendès-France. Uploaded to Dailymotion.com by MisteurCocktail on 2006-08-27. Retrieved from http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xbzln_poujade {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519153848/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xbzln_poujade |date=19 May 2011 }}.</ref> Poujadism also supported the cause of [[French Algeria]].<ref name="nyt03">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/29/world/pierre-poujade-dies-at-82-rallied-france-s-rightists.html|title=Pierre Poujade Dies at 82; Rallied France's Rightists|date=29 August 2003|author=Alan Riding|accessdate=29 January 2016|archive-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205155837/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/29/world/pierre-poujade-dies-at-82-rallied-france-s-rightists.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Political involvement===
In 1955, the UDCA was a strong political movement, with 400,000 members. Its adherents were encouraged to protest against taxes and withdraw their deposits from state-owned banks. The movement called for new [[French States-General|Estates General]] to re-found the French political regime, and published the ''Fraternité Française'' newspaper.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
The UDCA secured 52 seats in the [[1956 French legislative election|1956 elections]].<ref name="nyt03"/> "Experts said he might win six to eight seats", ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' wrote. "A great many political leaders, including M. [[Edgar Faure|Faure]] two years ago, have promised to do something about [the tax system]. If they had made good, Poujadism would never have been born".<ref name="sep19560211">{{Cite magazine |date=1956-02-11 |title=France Needs Some Drastic Political Surgery |url=https://archive.org/details/the-saturday-evening-post-1956-02-11/page/n11/mode/2up |magazine=The Saturday Evening Post |type=editorial |language=english |page=10 |access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> The youngest member of parliament, elected on a UDCA list, was [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]], then leader of the youth branch of UDCA. Poujade was critical of the decolonization of Algeria, and of the [[Treaty establishing the European Defence Community|European Defence Community]].<ref name="indie">{{cite news|author=D.S. Bell|work=The Independent|date=29 August 2003|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/pierre-poujade-548666.html |title=Pierre Poujade, Political campaigner of the French right}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> To justify his support for the [[Algerian War]], Poujade declared in 1956 to ''Time'' Magazine:

<blockquote>Big [[Wall Street]] syndicates found incredibly rich [[Petroleum reservoir|oil deposits]] in the [[Sahara]], but instead of exploiting the discovery, they capped the wells and turned the Algerians against us...All this is a great diabolic scheme to dismember France. Already the [[Saar Protectorate|Saar]] is gone, and soon the Italians will want [[Corsica]]...As for those who are against us, I need only say: let them go back to [[Jerusalem]]. We'll even be glad to pay their way."<ref name="time" /></blockquote>
 
After the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] was established in 1958 under [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s presidency, Poujade and his party largely faded from view.<ref name="lmobit">Weill, Nicolas (28 August 2003). La mort de Pierre Poujade, précurseur d'un nouveau populisme. Le Monde, 28 August 2003. Retrieved from http://www.droitconstitutionnel.net/PierrePoujade.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720005657/http://www.droitconstitutionnel.net/PierrePoujade.htm |date=20 July 2008 }}.</ref>

Poujade ran for National Assembly again, but was defeated in 1962, after which he went on to found an organization that distributed [[Nazi]] political speeches and military songs.<ref name="nazi-speeches-german-military-songs">{{cite web |title=Jean-Marie Le Pen |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Marie-Le-Pen |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=9 July 2024 |language=en |date=8 July 2024}}</ref>

In 1965, Poujade supported [[Jean Lecanuet]] for president.<ref name="lmobit" />

In the 1981<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world/2017/04/who-will-vote-marine-le-pen-issues-could-divide-front-national |title=Who will vote for Marine le Pen? The issues that could divide the Front National |last=Drochon |first=Hugo |date=18 April 2017 |website=[[New Statesman]] |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419054625/http://www.newstatesman.com/world/2017/04/who-will-vote-marine-le-pen-issues-could-divide-front-national |url-status=live }}</ref> and 1988<ref name="lmobit" /> presidential elections, Poujade favored [[François Mitterrand]], while in the 1995 election he voiced his support for [[Jacques Chirac]].<ref name="lmobit" />

In 1984, Pierre Poujade was appointed to the ''Conseil économique et social'' by Mitterrand. Poujade used this position to promote [[biofuels]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Benjamin|last=Coriat|title=L'alcool carburant et son économie|trans-title=Alcohol Fuel and its Economy|journal=Revue d'économie industrielle|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rei_0154-3229_1981_num_18_1_1101|volume=18|issue=1|page=133|date=1981|doi=10.3406/rei.1981.1101|language=fr|accessdate=29 January 2016|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407060101/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rei_0154-3229_1981_num_18_1_1101|url-status=live}}</ref>

Poujade distanced himself from Le Pen and declared in 2002 that he would have preferred to break his own leg than to make him a deputy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Webster|first=Paul|title=Le Pen's ex-mentor regrets rise of 'liar'|newspaper=The Observer|date=28 April 2002|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/28/france.paulwebster|accessdate=29 January 2016|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307161939/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/28/france.paulwebster|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Death ===
Poujade died on 27 August 2003 in [[La Bastide-l'Évêque]] at the age of 82.<ref name=":0" /> His funeral was officiated in the Church of Saint John the Baptist in La Bastide-l'Eveque, on 30 August 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kichkoff |first=Gladys |date=28 August 2003 |title=" Poujade...il savait parler " |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2003/08/28/199503-poujade-il-savait-parler.html |access-date= |website=[[La Dépêche du Midi]] |language=fr}}</ref>