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Pine nut
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==Species and geographic spread== [[File:StonePine.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Stone pine]] β note two nuts under each cone scale|alt=[[Stone pine]] [[Conifer cone|cone]] with nuts β note two nuts under each cone scale]] In Asia, two species, in particular, are widely harvested: [[Korean pine]] (''Pinus koraiensis'') in northeast Asia (the most important species in international trade) and [[chilgoza pine]] (''P. gerardiana'') in the western [[Himalaya]]. Four other species, [[Siberian pine]] (''P. sibirica''), [[Siberian dwarf pine]] (''P. pumila''), [[Chinese white pine]] (''P. armandii'') and [[lacebark pine]] (''P. bungeana''), are also used to a lesser extent. [[Russia]] is the largest producer of ''P. sibirica'' nuts in the world,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/30256275.html |title=Pine Nut Fever Breaks Out In Russia's Altai Mountains |work=[[Radio Free Europe]]/[[Radio Liberty]] |date=November 12, 2019 |access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> followed by either [[Mongolia]] or [[Afghanistan]]. They each produce over {{convert|10,000|MT}} annually, most of it exported to [[China]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bakhtarnews.af/en/pine-nuts-export-hike-increase-in-world-market/ |title=Pine Nuts Export Hike Increase in World Market |work=Bakhtar News Agency |date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://tolonews.com/business-181466 |title=Afghanistan Exports At Least 5,000 Tons of Pine Nuts |work=TOLOnews |date=4 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://pajhwok.com/2023/01/03/china-largest-importer-of-afghan-pine-nuts-moci/ |title=China largest importer of Afghan pine nuts: MoCI |work=[[Pajhwok Afghan News]] |date=3 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> Pine nuts produced in Europe mostly come from the [[stone pine]] (''P. pinea''), which has been cultivated for its nuts for over 5,000 years. Pine nuts have been harvested from wild trees for far longer. The [[Swiss pine]] (''P. cembra'') is also used, to a very small extent. In North America, the main species are three of the [[pinyon pine]]s: [[Colorado pinyon]] (''P. edulis''), [[single-leaf pinyon]] (''P. monophylla''), and [[Mexican pinyon]] (''P. cembroides''). The other eight pinyon species are used to a small extent, as is [[gray pine]] (''P. sabineana''), [[Coulter pine]] (''P. coulteri''), [[Torrey pine]] (''P. torreyana''), [[sugar pine]] (''P. lambertiana'') and [[Parry pinyon]] (''P. quadrifolia''). Here, the nuts themselves are known by the Spanish name for the pinyon pine, ''piΓ±Γ³n'' (plural: ''piΓ±ones''). In the United States, pine nuts are mainly harvested by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] and Hispano communities, particularly in the [[Western United States]] and [[Southwestern United States]], by the [[Shoshone]], [[Southern Paiute|Paiute]], [[Navajo]], [[Pueblo]], [[Hopi]], [[Washo people|Washoe]], and [[Hispanos of New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pinenut.com/history.htm|title= History of Pine Nuts & The People of the Great Basin|website= Goods from the Woods|date= 2004|access-date= 8 December 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717080624/http://www.pinenut.com/history.htm|archive-date= 17 July 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref> Certain treaties negotiated by tribes and laws in [[Nevada]] guarantee Native Americans' right to harvest pine nuts,<ref>{{cite news|author= Frazier, Penny|url= http://www.rawfoodsnewsmagazine.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=88&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061030193320/http://www.rawfoodsnewsmagazine.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=88&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0|url-status= dead|archive-date= 30 October 2006| title=Pine Nuts, Politics and Public Lands| work=Raw Foods News Magazine|access-date=8 December 2009 |date=30 October 2006 }}</ref> and the state of [[New Mexico]] protects the use of the word ''piΓ±on'' for use with pine nuts from certain species of indigenous New Mexican pines.<ref>{{cite act |title=PiΓ±on Nut Act |number=25, Article 10, Sections 1 through 5 |date=1978 |type=New Mexico Statutes |url=http://www.nmda.nmsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/pinonnutact.pdf |access-date=25 June 2018 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104050202/https://www.nmda.nmsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/pinonnutact.pdf |date=4 November 2021 }}</ref> ===Species list=== {{multiple image | image1 = Pine nuts in various stages.jpg | caption1 = [[Stone pine]] (''Pinus pinea'') nuts | alt1 = [[Stone pine]] (''Pinus pinea'') nuts | image2 = KoreanPineSeeds.jpg | caption2 = [[Korean pine]] (''Pinus koraiensis'') nuts β unshelled, and shell, above; shelled, below | alt2 = [[Korean pine]] (''Pinus koraiensis'') nuts β unshelled, and shell, above; shelled, below }} Commonly used species include: * Old World ** ''Pinus armandii'' β [[Chinese white pine]] ** ''Pinus bungeana'' β [[lacebark pine]] ** ''Pinus cembra'' β [[Swiss pine]] ** ''Pinus gerardiana'' β [[Chilgoza pine]] ** ''Pinus koraiensis'' β [[Korean pine]] ** ''Pinus pinea'' β Mediterranean [[stone pine]] ** ''Pinus pumila'' β [[Siberian dwarf pine]] ** ''Pinus sibirica'' β [[Siberian pine]] * New World ** [[pinyon pine]] group β in southwestern North America ** ''Pinus albicaulis'' β [[Whitebark pine]] ** ''Pinus cembroides'' β [[Mexican pinyon]] ** ''Pinus coulteri'' β [[Coulter pine]] ** ''Pinus culminicola'' β [[Potosi pinyon]] ** ''Pinus edulis'' β [[Two-needle piΓ±on]] or Colorado pinyon (when grown in Colorado) ** ''Pinus johannis'' β [[Johann's pinyon]] (includes ''P. discolor'' β Border pinyon) ** ''Pinus monophylla'' β [[Single-leaf pinyon]] ** ''Pinus orizabensis'' β [[Orizaba pinyon]] ** ''Pinus quadrifolia'' β Four-leaved pinyon or Parry pinyon ** ''Pinus remota'' β [[Papershell pinyon]] or Texas pinyon ** ''Pinus sabiniana'' β [[California foothill pine]]
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