Editing Pinetree Line (section)

==History==

[[File:Pinetree Line Radar Parabolic Antenna.jpg|thumb|left|Static display of an AN/FPS 508 radar antenna, one of the types used on the Pinetree Line. The antenna rotated at 5 revolutions per minute. The system could detect aircraft up to {{convert|200|mi|abbr=on}} away and at altitudes of {{convert|100000|ft|abbr=on|}}. This antenna is on display at [[Air Force Heritage Museum and Air Park]], Winnipeg]]

Plans for what would become the Pinetree Line were underway as early as 1946 within the [[Permanent Joint Board on Defense]] (PJBD), a Canadian-U.S. organization. However, the costs of running such a system in the [[post-war]] era was too high, and instead Canada concentrated on the areas around [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], while the United States set up stations in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and along the [[East Coast of the United States|eastern seaboard]].
With the successful test of an [[Soviet atomic bomb project|atomic bomb in the USSR]], plans changed considerably. In 1949 Congress agreed to a $161 million construction program in co-operation with the RCAF, for a continuous line of stations across southern Canada. The USAF's [[Continental Air Command]] and the RCAF met in October 1950 to start planning, and in January 1951 the PJBD presented ''Recommendation 51/1 for the Extension of the Continental Radar Defence System''. The USAF later requested an additional set of six (potentially) mobile stations to provide low-level coverage. Later, it was learned the original radar systems performed better than expected, hence a number of the mobile sites were never deployed.

The system was eventually deployed as a series of 33 main stations and 6 smaller "gap fillers". The majority of these ran in a line at about the [[53rd parallel north|53rd parallel]] in the west (to offer coverage of major Canadian cities) and about the [[50th parallel north|50th parallel]] in the east. A second line ran up the eastern seaboard from the southern tip of [[Nova Scotia]] to the southern tip of [[Baffin Island]]. Of these, 22 of the main stations and all of the gap fillers were paid for by the USAF, leaving 11 to the RCAF. However 16 of the main stations were staffed by RCAF personnel. On 1 January 1955, the system was officially handed over to RCAF command, and over time an additional 10 stations were added. The stations on the east coast used the [[Pole Vault (communications system)|Pole Vault]] system for communication.

[[File:Saint Anthony Air Station aerial view July 1961.jpg|thumb|Saint Anthony Air Station, Newfoundland in July 1961. The main radar is centered, the Pole Vault antennas are on the right.]]

The Pinetree Line had several technical problems that limited its usefulness almost immediately. For one, the system used a simple pulse radar technique, which made it unable to detect targets close to the ground due to [[Clutter (radar)|radar clutter]] as well as being trivially easy to jam using the recently-introduced [[carcinotron]] tube. Another was that its location near population centres meant it offered only a last minute warning, and as the USSR moved to [[Jet engine|jet]]-powered bombers the warning time was reduced. Studies were already underway in 1951 to build a series of [[Doppler radar|Doppler]] [[bistatic radar]] stations somewhat farther north, which would develop into the [[Mid-Canada Line]]. By 1957, just over a year after the Mid-Canada Line was operational, a more advanced long-range [[Early-warning radar|search radar]], mainly in the [[Northern Canada|Canadian north]] and [[Alaska]] were deployed comprising the [[Distant Early Warning Line]].

The Pinetree stations were kept operational during this period, and most underwent modifications as a part of the deployment of the [[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment|Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)]]. SAGE dramatically reduced the workload at the stations, cutting staff requirements by well over half. By the later 1950s some were being mothballed as newer systems came on line to the north. Nevertheless, many of the Pinetree stations were kept operational into the 1980s, particularly on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.