Editing Plasma window (section)

== History ==
The plasma window was invented at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]<ref>{{cite news| title =Hot mettle| publisher =[[New Scientist]]| date =2003-04-12| url =https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17823904.800-hot-mettle.html| accessdate = 2008-04-02}}</ref> by [[Ady Hershcovitch]] and patented in 1995.<ref name=pw_patent>{{cite web|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5578831.PN.&OS=PN/5578831&RS=PN/5578831|title= United States Patent: 5578831:Hershcovitch (November 26, 1996) Method and apparatus for charged particle propagation|publisher=Patft.uspto.gov|accessdate=2016-03-01}}</ref>

Further inventions using this principle include the plasma valve in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6528948.PN.&OS=PN/6528948&RS=PN/6528948|title= United States Patent: 6528948:Hershcovitch (March 4, 2003) Plasma valve|publisher=Patft.uspto.gov|accessdate=2016-03-01}}</ref>

In 2014, a group of students from the [[University of Leicester]] released a study describing functioning of spaceship plasma deflector shields.<ref name="urlStudents prove real-life Star Wars deflector shield is possible - ExtremeTech">{{cite web |url=https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/181773-physics-students-figure-out-how-to-make-star-wars-deflector-shields-in-real-life |title=Students prove real-life Star Wars deflector shield is possible - ExtremeTech |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Boeing]] was granted a [[patent]] on a force field system designed to protect against [[shock wave]]s generated by explosions. It is not intended to protect against projectiles, radiation, or energy weapons such as lasers. The field purportedly works by  using a combination of lasers, electricity and microwaves to rapidly heat up the air creating a field of (ionised) superheated air-plasma which disrupts, or at least attenuates, the shock wave. As of March 2016, no working models are known to have been demonstrated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/boeing-patents-star-wars-style-force-field-technology/story?id=29839654 |title=Boeing Patents 'Star Wars'-Style Force Field Technology |author=Alyssa Newcomb |date=March 23, 2015 |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="urlBoeing Has Patented a Plasma ‘Force Field’ to Protect Against Shock Waves">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/boeing-has-patented-a-plasma-force-field-to-protect-against-shock-waves |title=Boeing Has Patented a Plasma 'Force Field' to Protect Against Shock Waves |format= |date=30 March 2015 |accessdate=}}</ref>

[[Michio Kaku]] proposes force fields consisting of three layers. The first is the high-powered plasma window which can vaporize incoming objects, block radiation, and particles. The second layer will consist of thousands of laser beams arranged in a tight lattice configuration to vaporize any objects that managed to go through the plasma screen, by the laser beams. The third layer is an invisible but stable sheet of material like [[carbon nanotube]]s, or [[graphene]] that is only one atom thick, and thus transparent, but stronger than steel to block possible debris from destroyed objects.<ref name="Alderson">{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/predict/creating-force-fields-a207f49b8421 |title=Creating Force Fields. A simple idea. Nearly impossible&nbsp;... &#124; by Ella Alderson &#124; Predict &#124; Medium |format= |date=4 October 2020 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlPhysics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration into the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation, and Time Travel - WSJ">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120534908289431017 |title='Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration into the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation, and Time Travel' - WSJ |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>