Editing Plumstead (section)

==History==

[[File:Southern Side of the Tumulus on Winn's Common, Plumstead.jpg|thumb|The prehistoric tumulus on Winn's Common in Plumstead]]

Plumstead has been settled since ancient times, and London's earliest timber structure has been found here. During the excavation of a peat bog near Belmarsh Prison in 2009, an ancient timber [[trackway]], radiocarbon dated to be nearly 6,000 years old, was discovered by archaeologists.<ref>{{cite web |title=London's earliest timber structure found during Belmarsh prison dig |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2009/aug/londons-earliest-timber-structure-found-during-belmarsh-prison-dig |website=UCL News |publisher=University College London |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=en |date=12 August 2009}}</ref>

In 960 King [[Edgar I of England|Edgar]] gave four plough lands, collectively called Plumstead, to a monastery - [[St Augustine's Abbey]] near [[Canterbury]], [[Kent]]. These were subsequently taken from the monastery by [[Godwin, Earl of Wessex|Earl Godwin]] for his fourth son, [[Tostig Godwinson|Tostig]].

King [[Edward the Confessor]] restored them again to the monastery on taking power, however Tostig saw the opportunity to take possession of them once again after Edward's death in 1066 when [[Harold Godwinson|King Harold]] seized his brother's estates.

After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] gifted Plumstead to his half-brother [[Odo, Bishop of Bayeux]], whom he also titled [[Earl of Kent]]. The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[Lanfranc of Pavia]] and the [[Normans|Norman]] abbot of St Austin's successfully interceded to reclaim a portion of the land on behalf of the monastery. In 1074 Odo then granted by deed the remainder of the parish and also the right of the abbot to be "Chief Lord of the Fee".<ref>Anon: "Registry of the Monastery of St Augustine", Cart 163 & 200, Decim Script col 1779, 1787. Canterbury.</ref>

[[File:Church of St Nicholas, Plumstead.jpg|thumb|The medieval Church of Saint Nicholas in Plumstead]]

However, the [[Domesday Book]]<ref>Various: "Domesday/The Book of Winchester". 1080</ref> of 1086 holds the details of Plumstead as two separate entries. Under the title of the land of the church of [[Augustine of Canterbury|St. Augustine]] it reads 
{{blockquote|In [[Little and Lesnes Hundred|Litelai hundred]]. The abbot of St. Augustine has 1 manor, named Plumstede, which was taxed at 2 sulings and 1 yoke. The arable lands is ... In demesne there is 1 carucate and 17 villeins, with 6 cottagers, having 6 carucates, there is wood for the pannage of 5 hogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, and afterwards it was worth 10 pounds, now 12 pounds, and yet it pays 14 pounds and 8 shillings and 3 pence.}}

while under the general title of the Bishop of Bayeux's lands

{{blockquote|The abbot of St. Augustine holds of the bishop of Baieux, Plumsted. It was taxed at 2 sulings and 1 yoke. The arable land is 5 carucates. In demesne there is 1 carucate and 17 villeins, with 3 boarderers, having 4 carucates. There is wood for the pannage of 5 hogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth 10 pounds, when he received it 8 pounds, and now as much, and yet he who holds it pays 12 pounds. Brixi Cilt held it of king Edward.}}

Around this time Reginald, son of Gervase de Cornhill, released to the abbot and convent all claims in this manor from David and Robert de Cornhill who had rented it from them.<ref>Anon: "Registry of the Monastery of St Augustine", Cart 247, Decim Script col 1788, 1863. Canterbury.</ref>

By 1273 Nicholas de Spina was elected abbot of the monastery and by the following year he was receiving eleven pounds from Plumstead residents.<ref>Anon: "Registry of the Monastery of St Augustine", Cart 325, Decim Script col 1921. Canterbury.</ref>

Lora de Ros, lady of Horton, gave her right to two [[carucates]] of land and {{convert|50|acre|m2}} of woods in Plumstead to the abbot, Thomas, in return for the rights of her and her heirs to partake of prayers performed in the church during 1287.<ref>Anon: "Registry of the Monastery of St Augustine", Cart 311 & 370, Decim Script col 1942, 1949. Canterbury.</ref> It appears that Robert, the last abbot but one, had recovered a share of this land from her ancestor, Richard de Ros. It was found by a jury of grand assizes that his ancestors held this land in tenancy from the abbot and convent at a rent of twelve pound per annum.

In 1314, during the reign of [[Edward II of England]], the abbot was summoned before [[Hervey de Stanton]], the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]. He was asked to show by what right he claimed sundry liberties and [[free warren]] on the manor of Plumstead amongst others. Other questions included the right for a weekly market in Plumstead on a Wednesday and a fair yearly for three days "on the Eve day, and morrow of [[St. Nicholas]]".

For reasons that remain unclear, [[King Edward III]] exempted the men and tenants of the manor of Plumstead from providing four men from the borough for the [[sheriff]] as was the requirement elsewhere. A writ to Roger de Reynham, Sheriff of Kent, in 1332 directed and commanded him that the residents of Plumstead should be allowed to send one man only. By 1363 Edward also decreed to the monastery in his charter of infpeximus that he released all manors and possessions given to it by former kings, including [[William the Conqueror]]. He also confirmed all the grants of liberties previously bestowed on the abbot and monastery.

By the time of [[Richard II of England]] the taxes from Plumstead were valued at 69 pounds, 10 shillings and sixpence,<ref>Anon: "Registry of the Monastery of St Augustine", Cart ?, Decim Script col 2054,2123,2129,2163. Canterbury.</ref> and [[Henry VI of England]] reconfirmed the liberties and rights of the monastery.<ref>Anon: "Registry of the Monastery of St Augustine", Rot. Cart. de 21 ufq. ad 24 anni ejus regi. Canterbury.</ref>

Plumstead manor, together with the church of Plumstead and the chapel of Wickham annexed to it, remained part of the possessions of the monastery until its final dissolution in 1539, the 30th year of the reign of [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], when the abbey and all its revenues were surrendered into the King's hands by the then abbot, John Essex, and its thirty members.<ref>Anon: "Registry of the Monastery of St Augustine", Cart ?, Decim Script col 2293. Canterbury.</ref>

[[File:Greenwich Heritage Centre, temporary exhibition Plumstead - 6.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Plumstead around 1845]]
Plumstead expanded rapidly in the 1880s with housing developed for workers at the [[Royal Arsenal]]; two-up two-down terraced housing was common in the area close to the river and the Arsenal, whereas larger and smarter properties were developed uphill from the Thames, around [[Plumstead Common]]. The [[Plumstead Common Act 1878]] ([[41 & 42 Vict.]] c. cxlv) protected [[Plumstead Common]] as public open space forever. In the late 19th century, [[Woolwich cemetery]] was developed in two phases (1856, 1855) on land formerly part of the southern edge of the Common.

Plumstead was also the home of the [[Peculiar People]] and an account of this Protestant sect is recorded in 'Unorthodox London' by the journalist [[Charles Maurice Davies]]. The [[Plymouth Brethren]] have had numerous meeting rooms in the area since about 1845. The present Brethren meeting places are at Plum Lane (1865), Willenhall Road (ca 1910) and Brewery Road (Richmond Gospel Hall). [[Quaker]]s met nearby in Woolwich from 1905, and in their own Meeting House from 1924.

Plumstead had rapid housing growth but still retained large areas of green land i.e. Winns Common, Plumstead Common, Shrewsbury Park and Rockcliffe Gardens. The [[urban sprawl]] of lower Plumstead adjacent to Woolwich was not initially matched by upper Plumstead.