Editing Police action (section)

==Examples of police actions==
[[File:Ongeveer_10.000_kinderen_van_scholen_uit_het_gehele_land_demonstreerden_in_Den_H%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-9928.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The implementation of a "police action" that resulted in the [[Nigerian Civil War]] caused international protests in locations such as [[The Hague]] against the widespread [[war crimes]] suffered by [[civilians]].]]

The various [[Banana Wars]], from April 21, 1898, to August 1, 1934, were called police actions by the US government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au/modules/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/definition/banana-wars/index.html|title=Definition of Banana Wars in U.S. History.}}</ref>

The two major [[Dutch military]] offensives, of July 1947 and December 1948, during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]] were referred to by the Dutch government as the [[Operation Product|first]] and [[Operation Kraai|second]] {{lang|nl|[[Police actions (Indonesia)|politionele acties]]}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vickers|first1=Adrian|title=A History of Modern Indonesia|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-54262-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/99 99–100, 110–111]|edition=Reprint|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/99}}</ref>

The 1948 action, by [[India]], against [[Hyderabad State]], code named [[Operation Polo]], was referred to as a police action by the [[Government of India|government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/when-the-troops-went-marching-in/article24890743.ece|title=When the troops went marching in|last=Majid|first=Daneesh|website=@businessline|date=7 September 2018|language=en|access-date=2019-02-26|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024154458/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/when-the-troops-went-marching-in/article24890743.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early days of the [[Korean War]], [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Harry S. Truman]] referred to the United States' responses to the [[North Korea]]n invasion of [[South Korea]] as a "police action" under the aegis of the [[United Nations]]. During a June 1950 [[press conference]], he explicitly remarked that the "United Nations Security Council held a meeting and passed on the situation and asked the members to go to the relief of the Korean Republic" with the aims "to suppress a bandit raid" occurring.<ref>{{cite web|website=TeachingAmericanHistory.org|url=http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=594|title=The President's News Conference of June 29, 1950|accessdate=February 28, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226063925/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=594|archivedate=December 26, 2010}}</ref> A retrospective piece on the fighting from the [[News media of Canada|Canadian news publication]] ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]'' in 2023 said "[the]" conflict left 515 Canadians dead — yet for years it was not even called a war" due to the terminology of it being "referred to as a 'police action'." Writer Tom MacGregor noted for the news agency that even when the "sailors, soldiers and air personnel came home... there were no parades or official recognition for the war they had fought", although eventually the "Korean War was added to the National War Memorial in Ottawa" such that after 1982 "its veterans can stand with all other veterans who have served."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/macgregor-a-remembrance-day-tribute-to-canadas-korean-war-veterans|first=Tom|last=MacGrgor|journal=[[Ottawa Citizen]]|title=MacGregor: A Remembrance Day tribute to Canada's Korean War veterans|date=November 10, 2023|accessdate=February 28, 2024|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110180236/https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/macgregor-a-remembrance-day-tribute-to-canadas-korean-war-veterans|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shortly after the [[secession]] of [[Biafra]] in 1967, which took place during a period of chaotic political turmoil, the Nigerian military government launched a "police action" to retake the secessionist territory, and the rising violence turned into the [[Nigerian Civil War]]. During a May 2017 remembrance event, [[Ohanaeze Ndigbo]] leader [[John Nnia Nwodo]] stated that "Nigeria faced disintegration by the declaration of the Republic of Biafra" and lamented how the "commencement of a police action that turned into a three years civil war" caused "sacrifice– in blood, suffering and toil".<ref>{{cite news|journal=The Cable|title=50 Years After Biafra: Reflections And Hopes|date=May 25, 2017|authorlink=John Nnia Nwodo|first=John|last=Nwodo|url=https://www.thecable.ng/50-years-biafra-reflections-hopes|accessdate=February 28, 2024|archive-date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229052736/https://www.thecable.ng/50-years-biafra-reflections-hopes|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Vietnam War]] and the [[Kargil War]] were undeclared wars and hence are sometimes described as police actions.

The [[Soviet–Afghan War]] was an undeclared war and hence also could be described as a police action, especially since the initial troop deployments into [[Afghanistan]] were at the request of the [[Politics of Afghanistan|Afghan government]].

In other events, the [[United States Congress|Congress]] (of the United States) had not made a formal declaration of war, yet the President, as the [[commander-in-chief]], has claimed authority to send in the armed forces when he deemed necessary, with or without the approval of Congress. The legal legitimacy of each of these actions was based upon declarations such as the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]] and [[Iraq Resolution]] by Congress and various [[United Nations resolution]]s. Nonetheless, Congressional approval has been asserted by means of funding appropriations or other authorizations as well as the contested [[War Powers Resolution]].

The United Nations approved police action during the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]] to protect civilians.
Since the [[September 11 attacks]], states have militarily pursued individuals they deem terrorists within the borders of other states in a form of police action that is not clearly defined in the international law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/police-action|title=Police action &#124; military operation &#124; Britannica|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809102520/https://www.britannica.com/topic/police-action|url-status=live}}</ref>

So-called "Indonesian security forces" use police actions against uprisings of Papuans in the easternmost province. The Indonesian police have been empowered to lead the counterinsurgency operation against the [[Free Papuan Movement]] (OPM). Nonetheless, the Indonesian police's deficiencies in battling OPM require that the police maintain a strong partnership with the Indonesian military.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5728/indonesia.102.0057|jstor = 10.5728/indonesia.102.0057|doi = 10.5728/indonesia.102.0057|title = Inside Papua: The Police Force as Counterinsurgents in Post-''Reformasi'' Indonesia|year = 2016|last1 = Emirza Adi Syailendra|journal = Indonesia|issue = 102|pages = 57–83|access-date = 27 October 2020|archive-date = 2 December 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231202232930/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5728/indonesia.102.0057|url-status = live|url-access = subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/17/c_139297312.htm|title=Indonesian security forces shoot dead one rebel in Papua province - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030203043/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/17/c_139297312.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Under international law===
{{Further|Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter#Article 42|Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter}}
Police actions are authorized specifically by the Security Council under Article 53 (for regional action) or Article 42 (for global action). In both cases, the term used in the Charter text (English) is 'enforcement action'; the term 'police action' is not used.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}