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Pope Alexander II
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== Early life and work == Anselm was born in the parish of Cesano Boscone in the town of Corsico some {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Milan]] of a noble family. The family took its name from [[Baggio (district of Milan)|Baggio]], a suburb of Milan, where the family held the office of "captain".<ref>Violante, [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alessandro-ii_%28Enciclopedia-dei-Papi%29/ "Alessandro II."]. Schwartz, p. 212.</ref> According to the ''Liber pontificalis'',<ref>''Liber Pontificalis'' (ed. by Louis Duchesne) (Paris: Thorin 1892), Volume II, part 1, p. 281.</ref> his father's name was Anselmus or Ardericus. Contemporary sources do not provide any information on where Anselm might have obtained his education.{{sfn|Vaughn|1987|p=34}} It was traditionally believed that Anselm de Baggio studied under [[Lanfranc]] at [[Bec Abbey]]. However, modern historiography rejects the assertion.{{sfn|Vaughn|1987|p=33}} He became a member of the clergy of the cathedral of Milan,<ref name="Schwartz, p. 212">Schwartz, p. 212.</ref> and was ordained a priest by Archbishop Wido (Guido) of Milan.<ref>Landulfus de S. Paulo, senior, ''Historia Mediolanensis'' III, in: ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum Tomus VIII'' (Hannover: Hahn 1848), p. 77.</ref> He was one of the founders of the [[Pataria]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Hugo Paech|title=Die Pataria in Mailand: 1056 โ 1077|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emxUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1872|publisher=Eupel|location=Sondershausen|language=German}}</ref> a movement in the Archdiocese of Milan, aimed at reforming the clergy and ecclesiastic government in the province, and supportive of Papal sanctions against simony and clerical marriage.<ref name=Loughlin>{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01286a.htm| title = Loughlin, James. "Pope Alexander II." ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 1 Aug. 2014}}</ref> They contested the ancient rights of the cathedral clergy of Milan and supported the Gregorian reforms. Anselm was one of four "upright and honest" priests suggested to succeed [[Aribert (archbishop of Milan)|Ariberto da Intimiano]] as prince bishop of Milan.{{dubious|date=May 2021}} When the [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Henry III]] chose instead the more worldly [[Guido da Velate]], protests followed. In order to silence a vocal critic, Bishop Guido sent Anselm to the Imperial Court.<ref>Landulfus appears to state that Archbishop Guido actually took Anselm to the imperial court under threat of a prosecution: Ataque ut Guido his malia finem imponeret, trans montes ad regen ducens Anselmum, ut ipse huius causa negotii discrete iudicaret, tetendit.... lite ab Anselmo iurejurando dimisso.... Landulfus de S. Paulo, senior, ''Historia Mediolanensis'' III.5, in: ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum Tomus VIII'' (Hannover: Hahn 1848), p. 76.</ref> The emperor instead named Anselm [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lucca|Bishop of Lucca]] in 1056 or 1057.<ref>Bishop Giovanni was still alive on 27 May 1056. Cappelletti, ''Le chiese d'Italia'' XV, p. 511.</ref> The earliest testimony of his activity as bishop is on 23 March 1057.<ref name="Schwartz, p. 212"/> On 20 August 1057, he was with the imperial court at Trebur, and on 27 December at Pรถhlde.<ref>Schwartz, p. 213.</ref> As bishop, he was an energetic associate of [[Pope Gregory VII|Hildebrand of Sovana]] in endeavouring to suppress [[simony]] and enforce [[clerical celibacy]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|wstitle=Alexander (popes)|display=Alexander ''s.v.'' Alexander II.|volume=1|page=552|first=Louis Marie Olivier|last=Duchesne|author-link=Louis Duchesne|inline=1}}</ref> So bad was the state of things at Milan, that [[benefice]]s were openly bought and sold, and the clergy publicly married the women with whom they lived. With the increased prestige of his office, he reappeared twice in Milan as legate of the [[Holy See]], in 1057 in the company of Hildebrand, and in 1059 with [[Peter Damian]].<ref name=Loughlin /> Bishop Anselm attended the Roman council of [[Pope Nicholas II]] in the first half of April 1059, and another synod of uncertain date.<ref>J. D. Mansi (ed.), ''Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio'', editio novissima, [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/200_Mansi/1692-1769,_Mansi_JD,_Sacrorum_Conciliorum_Nova_Amplissima_Collectio_Vol_019,_LT.pdf Tomus XIX] (Venice: A. Zatta 1766), pp. 911โ912; 919.</ref> He was in Rome again in April 1060, for a synod in the Lateran palace, when he subscribed two papal bulls dated 14 April 1060.<ref>Cappelletti XV, p. 513.</ref>
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