Editing Port Jackson (section)

==History==
[[File:Sydney Cove, Port Jackson in the County of Cumberland - F. F. delineavit, 1769.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|[[Sydney Cove]], Port Jackson in the [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|County of Cumberland]] – from a drawing made by Francis Fowkes in 1788]]
[[File:The Mellish in Sydney Harbour.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|This 1830 painting shows the ''Mellish'' entering the harbour. Ships importing resources from [[British Raj|India]] played a vital role in establishing Sydney.]]
[[File:Darling Harbour, 1900.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Clipper ships in [[Darling Harbour]] in 1900]]

At the time of the European arrival and colonisation, the land around Port Jackson was inhabited by the Eora clans, including the [[Gadigal]], [[Cammeraygal]], and [[Wangal]]. The Gadigal inhabited the land stretching along the south side of Port Jackson from what is now South Head, in an arc west to the present [[Darling Harbour]]. The Cammeraygal lived on the northern side of the harbour. The area along the southern banks of the [[Parramatta River]] to [[Parramatta|Rose Hill]] belonged to the Wangal. The Eora inhabited Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), south to the Georges River and west to Parramatta.<ref>Woollarawarre Bennelong quoted by Governor Arthur Phillip in a despatch to Lord Sydney, 13 February 1790 CO201/5, National Archives, Kew (London)</ref>

===Cook's naming of Port Jackson===
The first recorded European discovery of Sydney Harbour was by Lieutenant [[James Cook]] in 1770. Cook named the inlet after [[Sir George Duckett, 1st Baronet|Sir George Jackson]], one of the [[Lord Commissioner|Lords Commissioner]]s of the British Admiralty, and [[Judge Advocate of the Fleet]].<ref name="Courier1878">{{cite news| last =McDermott |first =Peter Joseph |title =Pacific Exploration | work =The Brisbane Courier | page =5 | publisher =Brisbane Newspaper Company Ltd | date =6 November 1878 | url =http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1376345?searchTerm=James+Cook| access-date =5 November 2008}}</ref> As the [[HMS Endeavour|''Endeavour'']] sailed past the entrance at [[Sydney Heads]], Cook wrote in his journal "at noon we were...about 2 or 3 miles from the land and abrest of a bay or harbour within there appeared to be a safe anchorage which I called Port Jackson."

===First Fleet===
Eighteen years later, Port Jackson saw the arrival of the [[First Fleet]]. On 21 January 1788, after arriving at [[Botany Bay]], Governor [[Arthur Phillip]] took a [[longboat]] and two [[Cutter (boat)|cutters]] up the coast to sound the entrance and examine Cook's Port Jackson. Phillip first stayed overnight at [[Watsons Bay|Camp Cove]], just inside the South Head, then moved up the harbour, landing at Sydney Cove and then Manly Cove, before returning to Botany Bay on the afternoon of 24 January. Phillip returned to Sydney Cove in HM Armed Tender ''[[HMS Supply (1759)|Supply]]'' on 26 January 1788, where he established the first colony in Australia, later to become the city of Sydney. In his first dispatch from the colony back to England, Governor Phillip noted that:<ref name=phillips>{{cite book
|chapter-url=http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/DownloadDocument.ashx?DocumentID=1102
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710045116/http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/DownloadDocument.ashx?DocumentID=1102
|archive-date=10 July 2017
|title=Manly, Warringah and Pittwater: First Fleet Records of Events, 1788–1790
|chapter-format=PDF
|author1=Champion, Shelagh|author2=Champion, George
|year=1990|edition=September 2005 revised
|location=[[Killarney Heights]]
|isbn=0-9596484-3-7
|chapter=Phillip's First Three Days in Port Jackson: 21st, 22nd and 23rd January 1788
|publisher=Shelagh and George Champion
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|publisher=Charles Potter, Government Printer
|year=1892
|title=Historical Records of New South Wales Vol 1, Part 2 (1783–1792)
|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalrecord1pt2sidnuoft
|chapter=Letter from Governor Phillip to Lord Sydney (15 May 1788)
|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historicalrecord1pt2sidnuoft/page/122
|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicalrecord1pt2sidnuoft/page/122 122]}}</ref>
{{quotation|We got into Port Jackson early in the Afternoon, and had the satisfaction of finding the finest Harbour in the World, in which a thousand Sail of the line may ride in the most perfect security...I fixed on the one [cove] that had the best spring of Water, and in which the Ships can Anchor so close to the Shore, that at a very small expence...|Governor [[Arthur Phillip]], 15 May 1788.}}

Port Jackson was described as a "capacious harbour, equal, if not superior to any yet known in the world", that "sheltered [[Anchorage (maritime)|anchorage]] for the ships" and provided "a suitable landing place on rocks on the western side of the cove, relatively level land at the head of the [[cove]], and a run of fresh water", in addition to it being "capable of affording security to a much larger fleet than would probably ever seek for shelter or security in it." Royal Navy officer [[David Blackburn (Royal Navy officer)|David Blackburn]] also described it as a "fine Harbour as Any in the World, with water for any Number of the Largest ships."<ref name=phillips/>

===Later events===

The [[Great White Fleet]], the [[United States Navy]] battle fleet, arrived in Port Jackson in August 1908 by order of U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. From 1938, seaplanes landed in Sydney Harbour on [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]], making this Sydney's first international airport.

===Attack on Sydney Harbour===
{{further|Attack on Sydney Harbour}}
[[File:Ko-hyoteki Sydney.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine|Japanese Kō-hyōteki class midget submarine]] M-21 being raised from Taylor's Bay on 1 June 1942]]
In 1942, to protect Sydney Harbour from a submarine attack, the [[Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net]] was constructed. It spanned the harbour from Green (Laings) Point, [[Watsons Bay]] to the [[artillery battery|battery]] at [[Georges Head Battery|Georges Head]], on the other side of the harbour. On the night of 31 May 1942, [[Attack on Sydney Harbour|three Japanese midget submarines]] entered the harbour, one of which became entangled in the western end of the boom net's central section. Unable to free their submarine, the crew detonated charges, killing themselves in the process. A second midget submarine came to grief in Taylor's Bay, the two crew committing suicide. The third submarine fired two torpedoes at [[USS Chicago (CA-29)|USS ''Chicago'']] (both missed) before leaving the harbour. In November 2006, this submarine was found off Sydney's Northern Beaches.<ref>{{cite book
|chapter-url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?id=5060289
|chapter=M24 Japanese Midget Submarine wreck site
|url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/heritagesearch.aspx
|title=State Heritage Inventory Database
|author=Office of Environment and Heritage
|access-date=28 October 2018|author-link=Office of Environment and Heritage (New South Wales)
}}</ref>

The [[anti-submarine]] boom net was demolished soon after [[World War II]], and all that remains are the foundations of the old boom net winch house, which can be viewed on Green (Laings) Point, Watsons Bay. Today, the [[Australian War Memorial]] has on display a composite of the two midget submarines salvaged from Sydney Harbour.<ref>[[:File:WatsonsBay0201.JPG|NPWS<!--? --> plaque]]</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author-first=Peter|author-last=Grose
|title=A Very Rude Awakening: The night the Japanese midget subs came to Sydney Harbour
|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]
|isbn=9781741752199
|year=2007}}</ref> The conning tower of one of the midget submarines is on display at the [[Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre|RAN Heritage Centre]], [[Garden Island, New South Wales|Garden Island]], Sydney.<ref name="navy.gov.au">{{cite web
|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/ran-heritage-centre
|title=RAN Heritage Centre
|author=Royal Australian Navy
|access-date=28 October 2018|author-link=Royal Australian Navy
}}</ref>

===Fortifications===
{{further|Sydney Harbour defences}}
[[Fort Denison]] is a former penal site and defensive facility occupying a small island located north-east of the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] in Sydney Harbour.

There are fortifications at [[Sydney Heads]] and elsewhere, some of which are now heritage listed. The earliest date from the 1830s, and were designed to defend Sydney from seaborn attack or convict uprisings. There are four historical fortifications located between [[Taronga Zoo]] and Middle Head, [[Mosman]], they are: the [[Middle Head Fortifications]], the [[Georges Head Battery]], the [[Lower Georges Heights Commanding Position]] and a small fort located on [[Bradleys Head]], known as the [[Bradleys Head Fortification Complex]]. The forts were built from [[sandstone]] quarried on site and consist of various tunnels, underground rooms, open batteries and casemated batteries, shell rooms, [[gunpowder magazine]]s, barracks and trenches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/Defence+heritage+in+and+around+Sydney+Harbour|title=DECC – Defence heritage in and around Sydney Harbour<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=1 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231062413/http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/Defence+heritage+in+and+around+Sydney+Harbour|archive-date=31 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_02_2.cfm?itemid=5056455|title=heritage.nsw.gov.au}}</ref>