Editing Portland Building (section)

==History==
The distinctive look of [[Michael Graves]]' Portland Building, with its use of a variety of surface materials and colors, small windows, and inclusion of prominent decorative flourishes, was in stark contrast to the architectural style most commonly used for large office buildings at the time,<ref name="times1981"/> and made the building an icon of [[postmodern architecture]]. It is the first major postmodern tall office building, opening before [[Philip Johnson]]'s [[Sony Building (New York)|AT&T Building]], and its design has been described as a rejection of the [[Modern Architecture|Modernist]] principles established in the early 20th century.

Graves' design was selected in a large design competition, with Johnson as one of the three members of the selection committee. Graves was added into the competition after Johnson threw out the entry from architect [[Gunnar Birkerts]] for having not been Postmodern enough. Birkerts went on to design the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]] South Wing, which was re-clad by Graves in 2007.

Portland Mayor [[Frank Ivancie]] was among those who expressed the opinion that the modernist style, then being applied to most large office buildings, had begun to make some American cities' downtowns look "boring",<ref name="times1981"/> with most of the newer, large buildings being covered in glass and steel, and largely lacking in design features that would make them stand out.<ref name="times1981"/> The reaction among architects was mixed, with many criticizing the design while others embraced it as a welcome departure.<ref name="times1981"/>  In 1985, the hammered-copper statue ''[[Portlandia (statue)|Portlandia]]'' was added above the front entrance.<ref name="warmwelcome">Crick, Rolla J. (October 7, 1985). "Thousands bid ‘Portlandia’ warm welcome: Statue lifted successfully to final spot". ''[[The Oregonian]]''. p. A1.</ref>

Beyond questions of style, many structural flaws came to light shortly after the building's completion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Silvis |first=Steffen |title=Reaching for the Sky |url=http://wweek.com/___ALL_OLD_HTML/25-arch.html |newspaper=[[Willamette Week]] |date=November 10, 1999 |accessdate=September 16, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605012411/http://wweek.com/___ALL_OLD_HTML/25-arch.html |archivedate=June 5, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The building's failings are the subject of much humor and contempt by the civil servants who work there, who describe it as cheaply built and a challenging place to work.<ref>{{cite news| last=Senior| first=Jeanie| title=What's not to love about the skyline? A lot, it seems| url=https://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=30852| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211141727/https://portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=30852| archivedate=February 11, 2012| newspaper=[[Portland Tribune]]| date=July 15, 2005| accessdate=May 19, 2019| url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1990, only eight years after it was built, the lobby and food court were in need of remodeling.<ref name="thirty">{{cite news|title=30 Years of Planning Produce City for '90s|last=Morris|first=Rebecca|date=February 19, 1990|work=[[The Oregonian]]|pages=A01}}</ref> Four firms, including Michael Graves, were bidding for the job.<ref name="thirty" /> Karen Nichols of Michael Graves's firm said "Michael feels like he owes the city one.... We have done a lot of public buildings since then. I do know we talk about the Portland Building all the time."<ref name="thirty" />

===Reconstruction===
In 2014, some city commissioners expressed the view that the building should be demolished due to extensive water infiltration and structural issues. The consensus among the city commissioners was mixed, with one member calling the building a "white elephant", while others opposed the demolition.<ref name="elephant">{{cite news |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2014/01/portland_building_four_commiss.html |title=Portland Building: Four commissioners, four approaches for dealing with Portland's $95 million 'white elephant' |date=January 3, 2014 |newspaper=The Oregonian |location=Portland |first=Brad |last=Schmidt |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=August 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234431/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2014/01/portland_building_four_commiss.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Michael Graves fiercely opposed demolition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2014/10/the_portland_building_architec.html |title=The Portland Building: Architect Michael Graves fiercely defends his controversial creation against demolition |newspaper=[[The Oregonian]] | date=October 10, 2014 |author=Rebecca Koffman}}</ref>  In 2015, city officials were considering spending $175 million to fully renovate the building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/04/portland_building_overhaul_now.html |title=Portland Building overhaul now estimated at $175 million |date=April 29, 2015 |newspaper=The Oregonian |first=Brad |last=Schmidt |archive-date=July 30, 2015 |access-date=August 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730232426/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/04/portland_building_overhaul_now.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Portland Building undergoing reconstruction, October 2018.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction under way in October 2018]]

In July 2016, plans to renovate the building moved ahead, with the city council choosing a contractor and setting a maximum cost of $140&nbsp;million for the work, not including estimated non-construction expenses of up to $55&nbsp;million, such as for the leasing of office space for around 1,300 city employees who will be temporarily displaced during the renovation work.<ref name="oreg-2016jul27">{{cite news|last=Richman|first=Talia|title=Contractor, architectural firm picked to renovate Portland Building|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=July 27, 2016|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/07/contractor_architectural_firm.html|accessdate=August 1, 2016|archive-date=July 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731161951/http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/07/contractor_architectural_firm.html?|url-status=live}}</ref>  The contractors for the project are architecture firm [[DLR Group]] and [[Howard S. Wright Companies|Howard S. Wright Construction]].<ref name="oreg-2016jul27"/><ref name="DJC-2018mar1">{{cite news| last=Tenney| first=Sam| title=Portlandia protected for renovation project| newspaper=[[Daily Journal of Commerce]]| location=Portland| date=March 1, 2018| url=http://djcoregon.com/news/2018/03/01/photos-portlandia-protected-for-renovation-project/| accessdate=November 4, 2018| archive-date=November 4, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170220/http://djcoregon.com/news/2018/03/01/photos-portlandia-protected-for-renovation-project/| url-status=live}}</ref>

The renovation retains the building's basic postmodern architectural style while changing some of the building materials to better withstand weather and earthquakes, and improve interiors for employee satisfaction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Portland Building |url=https://www.dlrgroup.com/work/the-portland-building/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=DLR Group |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214164021/https://www.dlrgroup.com/work/the-portland-building/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The teal colored tiles of the lower three floors would be replaced with larger [[terracotta]] [[rainscreen]] tiles, the existing painted concrete facade would be covered by a new aluminum rainscreen [[cladding (construction)|cladding]], the existing dark tinted windows would be replaced with clear glass windows, and the stucco garlands on the side of the building will be rebuilt using formed aluminum.<ref name=":0" /> The building envelope was replaced using a unitized curtain wall, allowing the design to reflect Graves's original while repairing years of moisture seeping into the facade and preventing further water damage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Delivering on Design Vision and Building Performance |url=https://www.dlrgroup.com/idea/portland-building-facade/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=DLR Group |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214164021/https://www.dlrgroup.com/idea/portland-building-facade/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Portland [[Docomomo International]] chapter decried the building's renovation, claiming that the replacement of the building's material would threaten the building's landmark status.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archinect.com/news/article/150053660/the-iconic-portland-building-s-postmodern-multicolored-facade-is-dismantled |title=The iconic Portland Building's postmodern, multicolored facade is dismantled |author=Goldberg, Mackenzie |work=Archinect |date=March 9, 2018 |accessdate=May 16, 2019 |archive-date=April 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402043105/https://archinect.com/news/article/150053660/the-iconic-portland-building-s-postmodern-multicolored-facade-is-dismantled |url-status=live }}</ref>

Work on the extensive rebuilding, known by the city as the Portland Building Reconstruction Project,<ref name="reconstruction phase 1 report">{{cite web |title=The Portland Building Reconstruction Project: Phase I Report |url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/omf/article/620754 |website=City of Portland |accessdate=November 4, 2018 |date=December 2, 2016}}</ref> began in fall 2017, with interior demolition work, followed by an official groundbreaking in December.<ref name="bizjournal-2017nov29">{{cite news |last=Bell |first=Jon |title=City set to kick off $195M reconstruction of the Portland Building, shroud Portlandia statue |newspaper=[[American City Business Journals|Portland Business Journal]] |date=November 29, 2017 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2017/11/29/city-set-to-kick-off-195m-reconstruction-of-the.html |accessdate=November 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127113310/https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2017/11/29/city-set-to-kick-off-195m-reconstruction-of-the.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="architect-2018mar15">{{cite news |last1=Ayoubi |first1=Ayda |title=Demolition Phase Is Underway on Michael Graves' Portland Building |magazine=[[American Institute of Architects#Magazine|Architect]] |date=March 15, 2018 |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/demolition-phase-is-underway-on-michael-graves-portland-building_o |accessdate=November 4, 2018 |url-access=registration |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170116/https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/demolition-phase-is-underway-on-michael-graves-portland-building_o |url-status=live }}</ref> The project was expected to take about three years, with completion around the end of 2020.<ref name="kgw-2017dec">{{cite news |title=Reconstruction of the Portland Building underway |url=https://www.kgw.com/article/news/reconstruction-of-the-portland-building-underway/283-496711676 |accessdate=November 4, 2018 |website=[[KGW]] News |date=December 4, 2017 |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170107/https://www.kgw.com/article/news/reconstruction-of-the-portland-building-underway/283-496711676 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Portlandia'' statue was covered by a shroud, to protect it from potential damage during the work;<ref name="DJC-2018mar1"/> the covering was removed in September 2019.<ref name="koin-2019sep">{{cite news |title=Portlandia is back after months undercover |url=https://www.koin.com/local/multnomah-county/portlandia-is-back-after-months-undercover/ |accessdate=September 15, 2019 |website=[[KOIN]] News |date=September 12, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914000716/https://www.koin.com/local/multnomah-county/portlandia-is-back-after-months-undercover/ |archivedate=September 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The statue also underwent preservation work during this period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protecting the Symbol of the City: Preserving Portlandia |url=https://www.dlrgroup.com/idea/preserving-portlandia/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=DLR Group |language=en-US}}</ref> As of September 2018, the ongoing project remained on-schedule.<ref name="oreg-2018sep11">{{cite news |last=Friedman |first=Gordon R. |title=Portland Building redo on time, on budget, city says |newspaper=The Oregonian |date=September 11, 2018 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2018/09/portland_building_redo_on_time.html |accessdate=November 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104211109/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2018/09/portland_building_redo_on_time.html |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Upper exterior of the Portland Building in 2021, post-renovation.jpg|thumb|In 2021, after renovation|left]]By early 2020, the reconstruction work was sufficiently close to completion that around 1,700 city employees began moving back into the building;<ref name="ptld-trib-2020aug">{{cite news |last1=Redden |first1=Jim |title=Portland Building: Spiffed up, shiny and empty |url=https://pamplinmedia.com/pt/9-news/476523-382250-portland-building-spiffed-up-shiny-and-empty |access-date=2021-06-17 |newspaper=[[Portland Tribune]] |date=August 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924060713/https://pamplinmedia.com/pt/9-news/476523-382250-portland-building-spiffed-up-shiny-and-empty |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the move-in was spread over eleven weekends and was completed in March 2020.<ref name="ENR-2020-8-14">{{cite magazine |last1=Post |first1=Nadine M. |title=Drastic Rebuild Resurrects Graves' Landmark Portland Building |url=https://www.enr.com/articles/49864-drastic-rebuild-resurrects-graves-landmark-portland-building |access-date=2021-06-17 |magazine=[[Engineering News-Record]] |date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822085425/https://www.enr.com/articles/49864-drastic-rebuild-resurrects-graves-landmark-portland-building |archive-date=August 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, almost immediately afterward, the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]] effectively reversed the building's return to use, as most staff were instructed to work from home during the pandemic, and a planned March&nbsp;19, 2020, event to celebrate the building's reopening was canceled.<ref name="ptld-trib-2020aug" />

Only about 30 employees were working in the building in August 2020, and the city was predicting that most employees in the departments that use the Portland Building would continue working from home until sometime in 2021.<ref name="ptld-trib-2020aug" /> As of August 2020, renovation work on the interiors of the first floors was continuing but was expected to be finished by the end of the year.<ref name="ENR-2020-8-14" />  The work was completed by October 2020.<ref name="metropolis-2020">{{cite magazine |last=Libby |first=Brian |title=A Renovation Saves Michael Graves' Portland Building: DLR Group and contractor Howard S. Wright bring sweeping changes to the Postmodern landmark |url=https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/in-portland-a-renovation-saves-a-postmodern-landmark/ |access-date=2021-06-17 |magazine=[[Metropolis (architecture magazine)|Metropolis]] |date=October 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020080925/https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/in-portland-a-renovation-saves-a-postmodern-landmark/ |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[George Floyd protests in Portland, Oregon|George Floyd and police brutality protests]] in Portland in 2020 were centered near the building.