Editing Premchand (section)

==Biography==

===Early life===

Munshi Premchand was born on 31 July 1880 in [[Lamhi]], a village located near [[Banaras]], and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master of wealth"). His ancestors came from a large [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha]] family, which owned eight to nine [[bigha]]s of land.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1998|p=7}}</ref> His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai, was a [[patwari]] (village land record-keeper), and his father, Ajaib Lal, was a post office clerk. His mother was Anandi Devi of Karauni village, who probably was also his inspiration for the character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".<ref>{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 7 }}</ref> Dhanpat Rai was the fourth child of Ajaib Lal and Anandi; the first two were girls who died as infants, and the third one was a girl named sama.<ref name="Sigi 2006 15">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 15}}</ref> His uncle, Mahabir, a rich landowner, nicknamed him "[[Nawab]]", meaning baron. "Nawab Rai" was the first pen name chosen by Dhanpat Rai.<ref name=amrit>{{cite book|last=Rai|first=Amrit |author-link=Amrit Rai |year=1982|title=Premchand: A Life|translator-last=Trivedi|translator-first=Harish |place=New Delhi|publisher=People's Publishing House}}</ref>

[[File:Lamhi, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|right|Munshi Premchand Memorial Gate, Lamhi, Varanasi]]

When he was seven years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a [[madrasa]] in Lalpur, [[Varanasi]], located near Lamhi.<ref name=" Sigi 2006 15"/> He learned Urdu and [[Persian language|Persian]] from a [[maulvi]] in the madrasa. When he was 8, his mother died after a long illness. His grandmother, who was responsible for raising him, died soon after.<ref name="pib_2001_great">{{cite web | url = http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fjul2001/f190720011.html | title = Munshi Premchand: The Great Novelist | access-date = 13 January 2012 | publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India | archive-date = 28 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120228022503/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fjul2001/f190720011.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>  Munshi Premchand felt isolated, as his elder sister Suggi had already been married, and his father was always busy with work. His father, who was now posted at [[Gorakhpur]], remarried, but Premchand received little affection from his stepmother. The [[stepmother]] later became a recurring theme in Premchand's works.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 10 }}</ref>

As a child, Dhanpat Rai sought solace in [[fiction]] and developed a fascination for books. He heard the stories of the Persian-language fantasy epic ''Tilism-e-Hoshruba'' at a [[tobacconist]]'s shop. He took the job of selling books for a book wholesaler, thus getting the opportunity to read a lot of books.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 16}}</ref> He learnt English at a missionary school and studied several works of fiction, including [[George W. M. Reynolds]]'s eight-volume ''[[The Mysteries of the Court of London]]''.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10"/> He composed his first literary work at [[Gorakhpur]], which was never published and is now lost. It was a farce on a bachelor who falls in love with a low caste woman. The character was based on Premchand's uncle, who used to scold him for being obsessed with reading fiction; the farce was probably written as revenge for this.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10"/>

After his father was posted to [[Zamania]] in the mid-1890s, Dhanpat Rai enrolled at the [[Queen's College Varanasi|Queen's College]] at [[Banaras]] as a [[day scholar]].<ref name="Gupta_1998_11">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 11 }}</ref><ref name="Sigi_2006_17">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 17}}</ref> In 1895, he was married at the age of 15, while still studying in the ninth grade. The match was [[arranged marriage|arranged]] by his maternal step-grandfather. The girl was from a rich landlord family and was older than Premchand, who found her quarrelsome and not good-looking.<ref name="Gupta_1998_11"/><ref name="Sigi_2006_17"/>

His father died in 1897 after a long illness. He managed to pass the [[matriculation exam]] with second division (below 60% marks). However, only the students with the first division were given fee concessions at the Queen's College. He then sought admission at the [[Central Hindu School]] but was unsuccessful because of his poor arithmetic skills.<ref name = "Gupta_1998_12">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 12 }}</ref> Thus, he had to discontinue his studies. He then obtained an assignment to coach an advocate's son in Banaras at a monthly salary of five rupees. He used to reside in a mud cell over the advocate's stables and used to send 60% of his salary back home.<ref name=" Gupta_1998_12"/> Premchand read a lot during these days. After racking up several debts, in 1899, he went to a bookshop to sell one of his collected books. There, he met the headmaster of a missionary school at [[Chunar]], who offered him a job as a teacher at a monthly salary of {{₹|18}}.<ref name=" Gupta_1998_12"/> He also took up the job of tutoring a student at a monthly fee of {{₹|5}}.

In 1900, Premchand secured a job as an assistant teacher at the Government District School, [[Bahraich]], at a monthly salary of {{₹|20}}. Three months later, he was transferred to the District School in [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], where he stayed in an administrator's bungalow and tutored his son.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 20 }}</ref>

His first short novel was ''Asrar-e-Ma'abid'' ("Secrets of God's abode", ''Devasthan Rahasya'' in Hindi), which explores corruption among the [[mahant|temple priests]] and their sexual exploitation of poor women. The novel was published in a series in the Banaras-based Urdu weekly ''Awaz-e-Khalq'' from 8 October 1903 to February 1905.<ref name="Gupta_1998_13">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 13 }}</ref> Literary critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his inexperience is quite evident in his first novel", which is not well-organized, lacks a good plot and features stereotyped characters.<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 16}}</ref> [[P. C. Gupta|Prakash Chandra Gupta]] calls it an "immature work", which shows a tendency to "see life only in black or white".<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/>

=== Stay at Kanpur ===
From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to [[Allahabad]] for training and subsequently posted at Kanpur in 1905. He stayed in Kanpur for around four years, from May 1905 to June 1909. There, he met [[Daya Narain Nigam|Munshi Daya Narain Nigam]], the editor of the Urdu magazine ''[[Zamana (magazine)|Zamana]]'', in which he later published several articles and stories.<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/>

Premchand visited his village, Lamhi, during the summer vacation but did not find the stay enjoyable because of a number of reasons. He did not find the weather or the atmosphere conducive to writing. Moreover, he faced domestic trouble due to quarrels between his wife and his step-mother. Premchand angrily scolded his wife after she unsuccessfully tried to commit suicide by hanging. Dismayed, she went to her father's house, and Premchand displayed no interest in bringing her back.<ref>{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 14 }}</ref> In 1906, Premchand married a child widow, Shivarani Devi, who was the daughter of a landlord from a village near [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]].<ref name="Gupta 1998 17">{{Harvnb | Gupta | 1998 | p = 17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2UnQES-79gC|access-date=17 May 2019|year=1984|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|pages=68–69}}</ref> The step was considered to be revolutionary at that time, and Premchand faced a lot of social opposition. After his death, Shivarani Devi wrote a book on him, titled ''Premchand Ghar Mein'' ("Premchand at Home").

In 1905, inspired by nationalist activism, Premchand published an article on the Indian National Congress leader [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] in ''Zamana''. He criticised Gokhale's methods for achieving political freedom and instead recommended adoption of more extremist measures adopted by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 24 }}</ref> Premchand's first published story was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Most Precious Jewel in the World"), which appeared in ''Zamana'' in 1907.<ref name="Giriraj2001">{{cite book | last=Agarwal |first=Girirajsharan | title=Premchand: Karam Bhoomi (Abhyas Pustika) | year = 2001 | publisher=Diamond | isbn=978-81-7182-328-4 | language = hi | pages = 5–9 }}</ref> According to this story, the most precious 'jewel' was the last drop of blood necessary to attain independence.<ref name="Sigi_2006_25">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 25 }}</ref> Many of Premchand's early short stories had patriotic overtones, influenced by the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="pib_2001_great"/>

Premchand's second short novel ''Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab'' (''Prema'' in Hindi), published in 1907, was penned under the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi". It explores the issue of [[widow remarriage]] in the contemporary conservative society: the protagonist, Amrit Rai, overcomes social opposition to marrying the young widow, Poorna, giving up his rich and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While containing seeds of his future greatness in many ways, the novel is still youthful and lacks the discipline which full maturity brings".<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/>

In 1907, another of Premchand's short novels, ''Kishna'' was published by the [[Medical Hall Press]] of Banaras. This 142-page work, which satirises women's fondness for jewellery, is now lost.<ref name="Gupta_1998_13"/> Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work in ''Zamana'', calling it a mockery of the women's conditions.<ref name="Sigi_2006_26">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 26 }}</ref>

During April–August 1907, Premchand's novel ''Roothi Rani'' was published in [[serial (literature)|serial form]] in ''Zamana''.<ref name="Sigi_2006_26"/> Also in 1907, the publishers of ''Zamana'' published Premchand's first short story collection, titled ''Soz-e-Watan''. The collection, which was later banned, contained four stories that sought to inspire the Indians in their struggle for political freedom.<ref name="Mohan2006">{{cite book|last=Lal |first=Mohan | title=[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]: Sasay to Zorgot |volume=5 | year = 2006 | publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] | isbn=978-81-260-1221-3 | page=4149}}</ref>

==== Adoption of the name Premchand ====
In 1909, Premchand was transferred to [[Mahoba]] and later posted to [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]] as the Sub-deputy Inspector of Schools.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 27 }}</ref> Around this time, ''Soz-e-Watan'' was noticed by British Government officials, who banned it as a seditious work. James Samuel Stevenson, the British [[District magistrate|collector]] of [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]] ordered a raid on Premchand's house, where around five hundred copies of ''Soz-e-Watan'' were burnt.<ref name="SahniPaliwal1980">{{cite book | last1=Sahni |first1=Bhisham |author-link1=Bhisham Sahni|last2=Paliwal |first2=Om Prakash | title=Prem Chand: A Tribute | year=1980 | publisher=Premchand Centenary Celebrations Committee }}</ref> After this, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of the Urdu magazine ''Zamana'', who had published Dhanpat Rai's first story "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised the pseudonym "Premchand". Dhanpat Rai stopped using the name "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.

Premchand was often referred to as Munshi Premchand. The fact is, he, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, edited the magazine Hans. The credit line read "Munshi, Premchand". He thenceforth began being called Munshi Premchand.{{cn|date=November 2023}} In 1914, Premchand started writing in Hindi ([[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] are considered different [[register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] of a single language [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], with Hindi drawing much of its vocabulary from [[Sanskrit]] and Urdu being more influenced by [[Persian language|Persian]]). By this time, he was already reputed as a fiction writer in Urdu.<ref name="pib_2001_great"/> [[Sumit Sarkar]] notes that the switch was prompted by the difficulty of finding publishers in Urdu.<ref name="Sarkar1983">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit |author-link=Sumit Sarkar|title=Modern India, 1885–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1uBQgAACAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-90425-1|pages=85–86}}</ref> His first Hindi story "Saut" was published in the magazine ''[[Saraswati (magazine)|Saraswati]]'' in December 1915, and his first short story collection ''Sapta Saroj'' was published in June 1917.

=== Gorakhpur ===
[[File:Shilalekh.jpg|thumb|right|A plaque commemorating Munshi Premchand at the hut where he resided in [[Gorakhpur]] from 1916 to 1921.]]
In August 1916, Premchand was transferred to Gorakhpur on a promotion. He became the Assistant Master at the Normal High School, [[Gorakhpur]].<ref name="Madan1964">{{cite book | last=Gopal |first=Madan | title=Munshi Premchand: A Literary Biography | year=1964 | publisher=Asia Pub. House | pages = 114–117 }}</ref>

At Gorakhpur, he developed a friendship with the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to borrow novels for reading in exchange for selling exam cram books at the school.<ref name="Gupta_1998_10"/> Premchand was an enthusiastic reader of classics in other languages and translated several of these works into Hindi.

By 1919, Premchand had published four novels of about a hundred pages each. In 1919, Premchand's first major novel ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn|Seva Sadan]]'' was published in Hindi. The novel was originally written in Urdu under the title ''Bazaar-e-Husn'' but was published in Hindi first by a [[Calcutta]]-based publisher, who offered Premchand {{₹|450}} for his work. The Urdu Publisher of [[Lahore]] published the novel later in 1924, paying Premchand {{₹|250}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Harish |title=The power of Premchand (Literary Review of The Oxford India Premchand) |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 May 2004 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lr/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200280400.htm }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The novel tells the story of an unhappy housewife, who first becomes a courtesan, and then manages an orphanage for the young daughters of the courtesans. It was well received by the critics and helped Premchand gain wider recognition.

In 1919, Premchand obtained a BA degree from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]].<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 12}}</ref> By 1921, he had been promoted to Deputy Inspectors of Schools. On 8 February 1921, he attended a meeting in Gorakhpur, where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] asked people to resign from government jobs as part of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]]. Premchand, although physically unwell and with two kids and a pregnant wife to support, thought about it for five days and decided, with the consent of his wife, to resign from his government job.

=== Back to Banaras ===
After quitting his job, Premchand left Gorakhpur for Banaras on 18 March 1921 and decided to focus on his literary career. Till his death in 1936, he faced severe financial difficulties and chronic ill health.<ref name="DavidRubin1994"/>

In 1923, he established a printing press and publishing house in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".<ref name="MichaelArbolina2008"/> The year 1924 saw the publication of Premchand's ''[[Rangbhoomi]]'', which has a blind beggar called Surdas as its tragic hero. Schulz mentions that in ''Rangbhoomi'', Premchand comes across as a "superb social chronicler", and although the novel contains some "structural flaws" and "too many authorial explanations", it shows a "marked progress" in Premchand's writing style.<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 17}}</ref> According to Schulz, it was in ''Nirmala'' (1925) and ''Pratigya'' (1927) that Premchand found his way to "a balanced, realistic level" that surpasses his earlier works and manages to "hold his readers in tutelage".<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 18}}</ref> ''Nirmala'', a novel dealing with the [[dowry system in India]], was first serialised in the magazine ''Chand'' between November 1925 and November 1926, before being published as a novel.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1998|p=35}}</ref> ''Pratigya'' ("The Vow") dealt with the subject of widow remarriage.

In 1928, Premchand's novel ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]'' ("Embezzlement"), focusing on the middle class' greed, was published. In March 1930, Premchand launched a literary-political weekly magazine titled ''Hans'', aimed at inspiring the Indians to mobilise against the British rule.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 53 }}</ref> The magazine, noted for its politically provocative views, failed to make a profit. Premchand then took over and edited another magazine called ''Jagaran,'' which, too, ran at a loss.<ref name="Sigi_2006_75">{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 75 }}</ref>

In 1931, Premchand moved to Kanpur as a teacher at the Marwari College but had to leave because of differences with the college administration.<ref name="Giriraj2001"/> He then returned to Banaras and became the editor of the ''Maryada'' magazine. In 1932, he published another novel titled ''[[Karmabhoomi]]''. He briefly served as the headmaster of the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a local school. After the school's closure, he became the editor of the ''Madhuri'' magazine in [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Giriraj2001"/>

=== Bombay ===
Premchand arrived in [[Bombay]] on 31 May 1934 to try his luck in the [[Hindi film industry]]. He had accepted a script writing job for the production house Ajanta Cinetone, hoping that the yearly salary of {{₹|8000}} would help him overcome his financial troubles. He stayed in [[Dadar]], and wrote the script for the film ''Mazdoor'' ("The Labourer"). The film, directed by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted the poor conditions of the labour class. Premchand himself did a [[cameo appearance|cameo]] as the leader of labourers in the film. Some influential businessmen managed to get a stay on its release in Bombay. The film was released in Lahore and Delhi but was banned again after it inspired the mill workers to stand up against the owners.<ref name="Sigi_2006_75"/>

Ironically, the film inspired the workers of his own loss-making press in [[Banaras]] to launch a strike after they were not paid their salaries.<ref name="Sigi_2006_75"/> By 1934–35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a heavy debt of {{₹|400}}, and Premchand was forced to discontinue the publication of ''Jagaran''. Meanwhile, Premchand was beginning to dislike the non-literary commercial environment of the Bombay film industry, and wanted to return to Banaras. However, he had signed a one-year contract with the production house. He ultimately left Bombay on 4 April 1935, before the completion of one year.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 77 }}</ref> [[Himanshu Rai|Himanshu Roy]], the founder of [[Bombay Talkies]], tried to convince Premchand to stay back but failed.

=== Last days ===
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}
After leaving Bombay, Premchand wanted to settle in [[Allahabad]], where his sons Sripat Rai and Amrit Kumar Rai were studying. He also planned to publish ''Hans'' from there. However, owing to his financial situation and ill health, he had to hand over ''Hans'' to the Indian Literary Counsel and move to Banaras.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 76 }}</ref>

Premchand was elected as the first President   of the [[Progressive Writers' Association]] in Lucknow in 1936.<ref name="MichaelArbolina2008"/><ref name=FLDEC2011>{{cite magazine|last=Mahaprashasta |first=Ajoy Ashirwad|title=Writers for change|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2826/stories/20111230282608900.htm|access-date=8 January 2013|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=28|issue=26 |date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110202606/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2826/stories/20111230282608900.htm|archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> He died on 8 October 1936, after several days of sickness and while still in office.

''[[Godaan]]'' (''The Gift of a Cow'', 1936), Premchand's last completed work, is generally accepted as his best novel and is considered one of the finest Hindi novels.<ref>{{cite web|last=Deepak|first=Sunil|url=http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/phanishwarnath_renu.htm|title=Phanishwar Nath Renu|website=Kalpana.it|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=13 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313043341/http://www.kalpana.it/eng/writer/indian_writers/phanishwarnath_renu.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The protagonist, Hori, a poor peasant, desperately longs for a cow, a symbol of wealth and prestige in rural India. According to Siegfried Schulz, "''Godān'' is a well-structured and well-balanced novel which amply fulfils the literary requirements postulated by Western literary standards."<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | pp = 39–40}}</ref> Unlike other contemporary renowned authors such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Premchand was not appreciated much outside India. Schulz believes that the reason for this was the absence of good translations of his work. Also, unlike Tagore and [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]], Premchand never travelled outside India, studied abroad or mingled with renowned foreign literary figures.<ref>{{Harvnb | Schulz | 1981 | p = 41}}</ref>

In 1936, Premchand also published "Kafan" ("[[Shroud]]"), in which a poor man collects money for the funeral rites of his dead wife but spends it on food and drink. Premchand's last published story was "Cricket Match", which appeared in ''Zamana'' in 1938, after his death.<ref>{{Harvnb | Sigi | 2006 | p = 87 }}</ref>