Editing Pressure cooker (section)

== History ==
[[File:Pressure cooker manufactured by Georg Gutbrod, Stuttgart, about 1864.jpg|thumb|A six-quart pressure cooker manufactured by Archibald Kenrick & Sons in England, circa 1890]]

In 1679, French physicist [[Denis Papin]], better known for his studies on steam, invented the ''[[steam digester]]'' in an attempt to reduce the cooking time of food. His [[Hermetic seal|airtight]] cooker used steam pressure to raise the water's boiling point, thus cooking food more quickly. In 1681 Papin presented his invention to the [[Royal Society of London]] as a scientific study; he was later elected as a member.<ref>Robinson, H. (1947). Denis Papin (1647-1712). ''Notes and records of the Royal Society of London, 5''(1), 47-50. Retrieved June 25, 2021, from {{JSTOR|531177}}</ref>

In 1864, Georg Gutbrod of [[Stuttgart]] began manufacturing pressure cookers made of tinned [[cast iron]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Although the concept of cooking with pressurized steam had been known for two centuries, the term “pressure cooker” was not commonly used until the early 20th century.  The earliest citation of the phrase given in the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] is from a Lincoln, Nebraska, newspaper in 1914.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modern Farming Methods in Vogue |publisher=The Lincoln Star (Lincoln, NE) |date=3 May 1914 |page=9}}</ref>  However, the Dictionary editors apparently overlooked or did not have access to certain Colorado newspapers from a few years earlier than that.  As early as 1910, the inventor Zeno E. Crook founded a business called “The Pressure Cooker Company” in Denver, Colorado.<ref>{{cite book |title=Thirty-Eighth Annual Denver City Directory for 1910 |date=1910 |publisher=Ballenger & Richards |access-date=12 September 2024 |url=https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/27620/images/dvm_LocHist011768-00061-0}} See entries for “Crook, Zeno E.,” p. 401, and “Pressure Cooker Co.,” p. 1222.</ref>  Crook had developed an aluminum cooker of a size practical for home use, and soon began marketing it to communities in the high country of Colorado,<ref>{{cite news |title=Box Elder |publisher=The Fort Collins Express (Fort Collins, CO) |date=13 Jan 1910 |page=11}} {{cite news |title=One Way to Combat High Prices |publisher=The Montrose Enterprise (Montrose, CO) |date=14 Feb 1910 |page=1}} {{cite news |title=For Sale—Miscellaneous |publisher=The Denver Post (Denver, CO) |date=13 Mar 1910 |page=32}} {{cite news |title=Salida Housewives Interested |publisher=The Salida Record (Salida, CO) |date=12 Aug 1910 |page=1}} {{cite news |title=New Cooking Device |publisher=The Salida Mail (Salida, CO) |date=12 Aug 1910 |page=3}} {{cite news |title=Leadville Housewives Interested |publisher=The Herald Democrat (Leadville, CO) |date=21 Aug 1910 |page=5}} {{cite news |title=Housewives Interested |publisher=The Aspen Democrat-Times (Aspen, CO) |date=31 Aug 1910 |page=4}} {{cite news |title=Saturday Locals |publisher=The Avalanche-Echo (Glenwood Springs, CO) |date=8 Sep 1910 |page=7}} {{cite news |title=Denver Enterprise Prosperous |publisher=The Rocky Mountain News (Denver, CO) |date=5 Feb 1911 |page=4}}, among others.</ref> where the device proved to be well suited for use in high-altitude cooking.  In many of these communities, Crook's pressure cooker was hailed as a marvelous new invention, until 1918, when ''Popular Science Monthly'' broke the news that this “invention” was actually more than 200 years old.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Newest Type of Cooker Was Invented Two Hundred Years Ago |journal=Popular Science Monthly |date=Jan 1918 |volume=92 |issue=1 |page=68 |access-date=11 September 2024 |url=https://archive.org/details/popularsciencemo92newyuoft/page/68/mode/2up}}</ref>

In 1918, Spain granted a patent for the pressure cooker to José Alix Martínez from [[Zaragoza]]. Martínez named it the ''olla exprés'', literally "express cooking pot", under patent number 71143 in the ''Boletín Oficial de la Propiedad Industrial''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=olla exprés|journal=Boletín Oficial de la Propiedad Industrial|date=16 November 1919|issue=798|pages=1480}}</ref> In 1924, the first pressure cooking pot recipe book was published, written by José Alix and titled "360 fórmulas de cocina Para guisar con la 'olla expres'",<ref>{{cite book|last=Bellvis|first=Camilo|title="360 fórmulas de cocina Para guisar con la "olla exprés"|year=1924|publisher=Sucesores de Rivadeneyra|location=Madrid, Spain}}</ref> or ''360 recipes for cooking with a pressure cooker''.

In 1935, the Automa pressure cooker was introduced. Mountaineers attempting to climb Mount Everest took it along with them to cook in higher altitudes.<ref name="thebetterindia.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/232537/first-pressure-cooker-make-in-india-santosh-icmic-rukmani-prestige-hawkins-iconic-brand-history |title=Icmic, Santosh & Rukmani: The Forgotten Story of India's Original Cookers |website= The Better India |date=11 July 2020 |access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref>

In 1938, Alfred Vischer presented his invention, the ''Flex-Seal Speed Cooker'', in New York City. Vischer's pressure cooker quickly gained popularity, and its success led to competition among American and European manufacturers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lacalamita|first=Tom|title=Pressure cookers for dummies|year=2002|publisher=Hungry Minds|location=New York, NY|isbn=9781118053805}}</ref> At the [[1939 New York World's Fair]], the National Pressure Cooker Company, later renamed [[National Presto Industries]], introduced its own pressure cooker.<ref>{{cite news
 | last = Hamlin
 | first = Suzanne
 | title = Pressure Cooking Without the Terror
 | work = New York Times
 | date = 15 March 1995
 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/15/style/pressure-cooking-without-the-terror.html
 | access-date = 25 October 2021 }}</ref>
[[File:Super Cocotte decor SEB-MGR Lyon-IMG 9918.jpg|thumb|Super cocotte décor SEB, 1973. Aluminium body, polyamide lacquered with an embossed aluminium lid and a stainless steel stirrup. On display at the [[Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon|Musée gallo-romain de Fourvière]], Lyon. 18/10.]]

=== First generation ===

Also known as "old type" pressure cookers, these operate with a weight-modified or "jiggler" valve, which releases pressure during operation.<ref name = "Everyone">{{cite book | title = Pressure Cooking for Everyone | author1= Rick Rodgers | author2 = Arlene Ward | author3 = Kathryn Russell | name-list-style = amp | publisher = Chronicle Books |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hccEkXIaT2sC&q=%22old+type%22+pressure+cooker&pg=PA12 | date = 2000 | page = 12 | isbn =  9780811825252 | access-date = 30 June 2016 }}</ref> Some people consider them loud because the valve rattles as excess steam is released. Older pressure cookers typically offered only one pressure level, but from the 1960s onwards some allow the operator to change the weight of the valve, thus changing the pressure.

Today most pressure cookers are variations on the first-generation cookers, with the addition of new safety features such as a mechanism that prevents the cooker from being opened until it is entirely depressurized.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

[[File:WMF Schnelldrucktopf 4,5 Liter Perfect Ultra retouched.jpg|thumb|Second generation stove top pressure cooker with battery operated timer]]

=== Second generation ===
These operate with a spring-loaded valve that is often hidden from view in a proprietary mechanism.<ref name = "Everyone"/> This generation is characterized by two or more pressure settings. Some of these pressure cookers do not release any steam during operation (non-venting) and instead use a rising indicator with markings to show the pressure level. These only release steam when the pan is opened, or as a safety precaution if the heat source is not reduced enough when the pan reaches the required cooking pressure. Others use a dial that the operator can advance by a few clicks (which alters the spring tension) to change the pressure setting or release pressure;<ref name = "Everyone"/> these release steam during operation (venting).

=== Third generation "electric pressure cookers" ===
[[File:Instant Pot DUO60 pressure cooker.jpg|thumb|Instant Pot DUO pressure cooker is an example of a third generation pressure cooker and has digital control of the cooking time and heat]]
After the stove-top pressure cookers came the electric pressure cookers in 1991,<ref name="instantpot.com">{{cite web |title=Three Generations of Electric Pressure Cookers |url=http://instantpot.com/technology/three-generations-of-electric-pressure-cookers/ |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=Instant Pot |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114135416/http://instantpot.com/technology/three-generations-of-electric-pressure-cookers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> called the "third generation" pressure cookers.

These include an electric heat source that is automatically regulated to maintain the operating temperature and pressure. They also include a spring-loaded valve (as described above) and are typically non venting during cooking.

An electric pressure cooker integrates a timer. Depending on cooking control capability, there are three generations of electric pressure cookers:<ref name="instantpot.com"/>

* First-generation electric, with mechanical timer. There is no delayed cooking capability.
* Second-generation electric, with digital controller. Delayed cooking becomes possible and the controller shows a countdown timer when working pressure is reached.
* Third-generation electric, with smart programming, which includes pre-set cooking times and settings based on heating intensity, temperature, pressure and duration.

Some pressure cookers are multifunctional ([[multicooker]]s): pressure cooker, [[saute]]/[[browning (partial cooking)|browning]], [[slow cooker]], [[rice cooker]], [[egg]] cooker, [[Yogurt#Production|yogurt maker]], [[food steamer|steamer]], [[sous vide]], [[Home canning|canner]], and [[stockpot]] warmer that can also be used to keep cooked food warm.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Since 2018, with the release of the [[Ninja (brand)|Ninja]] Foodi pressure cooker, which was the first pressure cooker that could also [[air fryer|air fry]], several other pressure cooker manufacturers, including [[Instant Pot]], have come out with their own pressure cookers that can air fry, which are now known as ''air fryer pressure cookers''. Air fryer pressure cookers generally have two separate lids, one for pressure cooking, and one for air frying.<ref name="Better?">[https://www.digitaltrends.com/home/instant-pot-duo-crisp-vs-ninja-foodi/ Instant Pot Duo Crisp vs Ninja Foodi: Which is Better?]</ref>