Editing Printing (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of printing}}

===Woodblock printing===
{{Main|Woodblock printing}}
[[Woodblock printing]] is a technique for printing text, images or patterns that was used widely throughout East Asia. It originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on [[textiles]] and later on paper.<ref name="Suarez & Woudhuysen" /> 

====In East Asia====
[[File:Jingangjing.jpg|thumb|left|The intricate frontispiece of the [[Diamond Sutra]] from [[Tang dynasty]] China, AD 868 ([[British Library]]), discovered at the [[Mogao Caves#The Library Cave|Library Cave of Mogao Caves]] in [[Dunhuang]], but probably printed in [[Sichuan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idp.bl.uk/4DCGI/education/silk_road/pages/dun262a.html |title=Cat 262: Printed dated copy of the ''Diamond Sutra'' |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[International Dunhuang Project|idp.bl.uk]] |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208072014/http://idp.bl.uk/4DCGI/education/silk_road/pages/dun262a.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
{{Main|History of printing in East Asia}}

The earliest examples of ink-squeeze rubbings and potential stone printing blocks appear in the mid-sixth century in China. A type of printing called mechanical [[woodblock printing]] on paper started during the 7th century in the [[Tang dynasty]],<ref name="Suarez & Woudhuysen" />{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=8}} and subsequently spread throughout East Asia. [[Nara period|Nara Japan]] printed the [[Hyakumantō Darani]] en masse around 770, and distributed them to temples throughout Japan. In [[Korea]], an example of woodblock printing from the eighth century was discovered in 1966. A copy of the [[Buddhist]] Dharani Sutra called the [[Pure Light Dharani Sutra]] ({{korean|hangul=무구정광대다라니경|hanja=無垢淨光大陀羅尼經|rr=Mugu jeonggwang dae darani-gyeong}}), discovered in [[Gyeongju]], in a [[Silla]] dynasty pagoda that was repaired in 751,<ref name="Tsien 1985 149,150">{{harvnb|Tsien|1985|pp=149,150}}</ref> was undated but must have been created sometime before the reconstruction of the [[Seokgatap|Shakyamuni Pagoda]] of [[Bulguk Temple]], Kyongju Province in  751.<ref name="Pratt">{{cite book |last=Pratt |first=Keith |title=Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea |date=August 15, 2007 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1861893352 |page=74}}</ref><ref>[http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?PK=0000593746&danrak_no=&clss_cd=&top_menu_cd=0000000808 Early Printing in Korea. Korea Cultural Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208232218/http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?PK=0000593746&danrak_no=&clss_cd=&top_menu_cd=0000000808|date=2009-02-08}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/gutenberg-asia-6-china-blockbook.htm Gutenberg and the Koreans: Asian Woodblock Books. Rightreading.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/gutenberg-asia-9-korea.htm Gutenberg and the Koreans: Cast-Type Printing in Korea's Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392). Rightreading.com]</ref><ref>[http://countrystudies.us/north-korea/7.htm North Korea – Silla. Country Studies]</ref> The document is estimated to have been created no later than 704.<ref name="Tsien 1985 149,150" />

By the ninth century, printing on paper had taken off, and the first completely surviving<!--i.e., not separated--> printed book is the [[Diamond Sutra]] ([[British Library]]) of 868, uncovered from [[Dunhuang]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/diamondsutra.html |title=Oneline Gallery: Sacred Texts |publisher=British Library |access-date=March 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110093610/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/diamondsutra.html |archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref> By the tenth century, 400,000 copies of some sutras and pictures were printed, and the Confucian classics were in print. A skilled printer could print up to 2,000 double-page sheets per day.<ref name=Needham>
{{cite book |last1=Tsuen-Hsuin |first1=Tsien |author-link1=Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin |last2=Needham |first2=Joseph |author-link2=Joseph Needham |title=Paper and Printing |series=Science and Civilisation in China |volume=5 part 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=158, 201 |year=1985}}</ref>

Printing spread early to [[Korea]] and Japan, which also used Chinese [[logogram]]s, but the technique was also used in [[Turpan]] and [[Vietnam]] using a number of other scripts. This technique then spread to Persia and Russia.<ref name=Carter>[[Thomas Franklin Carter]], ''The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward'', The Ronald Press, NY 2nd ed. 1955, pp. 176–78</ref> This technique was transmitted to Europe by around 1400 and was used on paper for [[old master print]]s and [[playing card]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayor |first=A Hyatt |title=Prints and People |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=Princeton |volume=5-18 |isbn=978-0-691-00326-9|year=1980 }}</ref>

====In the Middle East====
Block printing, called ''[[tarsh]]'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], developed in [[History of Arab Egypt|Arabic Egypt]] during the ninth and tenth centuries, mostly for prayers and [[amulet]]s. There is some evidence to suggest that these print blocks were made from non-wood materials, possibly [[tin]], lead, or clay. The techniques employed are uncertain. Block printing later went out of use during the [[Timurid Renaissance]].<ref>Richard W. Bulliet (1987), "[http://www.ghazali.org/articles/jaos107-3-1987-rwb.pdf Medieval Arabic Tarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921204857/http://www.ghazali.org/articles/jaos107-3-1987-rwb.pdf |date=September 21, 2017 }}". ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''107''' (3), pp. 427–38.</ref> The printing technique in Egypt was embraced by reproducing texts on paper strips and supplying them in different copies to meet the demand.<ref>See Geoffrey Roper, Muslim Printing Before Gutenberg and the references cited therein.</ref><ref name=bloom8>{{cite book |first=Jonathan |last=Bloom |year=2001 |title=Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World |url=https://archive.org/details/paperbeforeprint00bloo |url-access=limited |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-08955-4 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/paperbeforeprint00bloo/page/n23 8]–10, 42–45}}</ref>

====In Europe====
[[File:Saint Christopher 001.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|The earliest known [[woodcut]], 1423, [[Buxheim]], with hand-colouring]]
Block printing first came to Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate. When paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the technique transferred very quickly to small [[woodcut]] religious images and [[playing card]]s printed on paper. These [[old master print|prints]] were produced in very large numbers from about 1425 onward.<!-- This may be supported by the reference – An Introduction to a History of Woodcut, Arthur M. Hind, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 (in US), reprinted Dover Publications, 1963 {{ISBN|0-486-20952-0}} (recovered from a previous version of this article) -->

Around the mid-fifteenth-century, ''block-books'', woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with [[movable type]]. These were all short, heavily illustrated works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many different block-book versions: the {{lang|la|[[Ars moriendi]]}} and the [[Biblia pauperum]] were the most common. There is still some controversy among scholars as to whether their introduction preceded or, in the majority view, followed the introduction of movable type, with the estimated range of dates being between about 1440 and 1460.<ref>{{cite book |title=Master E S, five hundredth anniversary exhibition, September fifth through October third, Philadelphia Museum of Art |first=Alan |last=Shestack |publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art |date=1967 |oclc=1976512}}</ref>

===Movable-type printing===
[[File:五贯宝卷.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Copperplate of 1215–1216 5000 [[Cash (currency)|cash]] paper money with ten bronze movable types]]
[[File:SelectedTeachingsofBuddhistSagesandSonMasters1377.jpg|thumb|''[[Jikji]]'', "Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Son Masters" from Korea, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. {{lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque Nationale de France]]|italic=no}}, Paris]]
{{Main|Movable type}}

Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from [[matrix (printing)|matrices]] struck by [[punchcutting|letterpunches]]. Movable type allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing.

Around 1040, the first known movable type system was created in China by [[Bi Sheng]] out of [[porcelain]].<ref name="Great Chinese Inventions"/> Bi Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but [[Wang Zhen (official)|Wang Zhen]] by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. Still, the main method in use there remained woodblock printing (xylography), which "proved to be cheaper and more efficient for printing Chinese, with its thousands of characters".<ref>Beckwith, Christopher I., ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present'', Princeton University Press, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-691-15034-5}}</ref>

Copper movable type printing originated in China at the beginning of the 12th century. It was used in large-scale printing of [[paper money]]
issued by the Northern Song dynasty. Movable type spread to Korea during the [[Goryeo]] dynasty.

Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing using bronze. The ''[[Jikji]]'', published in 1377, is the earliest known metal printed book. Type-casting was used, adapted from the method of casting coins. The character was cut in beech wood, which was then pressed into a soft clay to form a mould, and bronze poured into the mould, and finally the type was polished.<ref>{{harvnb|Tsien|1985|p=330}}</ref> Eastern metal movable type was spread to Europe between the late 14th and early 15th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |author = Polenz, Peter von. |title = Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit. |publisher = New York/Berlin: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH |year = 1991 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/gutenberg-asia-1-introduction.htm|title = Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance?|author = Thomas Christensen|access-date = 2006-10-18|year = 2007|publisher = Arts of Asia Magazine (to appear)|archive-date = August 11, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190811145633/http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/gutenberg-asia-1-introduction.htm|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author = [[Juan González de Mendoza]] |title =Historia de las cosas más notables, ritos y costumbres del gran reyno de la China|url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75292n/f2.image|year = 1585|language=es}}</ref><ref>[[Thomas Franklin Carter]], ''The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward'', The Ronald Press, NY 2nd ed. 1955, pp. 176–178</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[L. S. Stavrianos]] |title=A Global History: From Prehistory to the 21st Century |edition=7th |year=1998 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-13-923897-0 }}</ref> The Korean form of metal movable type was described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as "extremely similar to Gutenberg's".<ref>Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) However, more correctly it should be described as the other way around. Gutenberg's form of metal movable type was extremely similar to the Korean Jikji's, which was printed 78 years prior to the Gutenberg Bible. A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73.</ref> Authoritative historians [[Frances Gies and Joseph Gies]] claimed that "The Asian priority of invention movable type is now firmly established, and that Chinese-Korean technique, or a report of it traveled westward is almost certain."<ref name="Frances&Joseph">[[Frances Gies and Joseph Gies|Gies, Frances and Gies, Joseph]] (1994) ''Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Age'', New York : HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0-06-016590-1}}, p.&nbsp;241.</ref> 

[[File:Metal movable type.jpg|right|thumb|A case of cast metal type pieces and typeset matter in a composing stick]]

===The printing press===
{{main|Printing press}}
[[File:De uitvinding van de boekdrukkunst, anoniem, Museum Plantin-Moretus, PK OPB 0186 005.jpg|thumb|450px|The invention of printing, anonymous, design by [[Stradanus]], collection [[Plantin-Moretus Museum]]]]
Around 1450, [[Johannes Gutenberg]] introduced the first movable type printing system in Europe. He advanced innovations in casting type based on a matrix and [[hand mould]], adaptations to the screw-press, the use of an oil-based ink, and the creation of a softer and more absorbent paper.<ref>{{cite book |last=Steinberg |first=S. H. |author-link=S. H. Steinberg |title=Five Hundred Years of Printing |edition=3rd |year=1974 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin]] |location=Harmondsworth, Middlesex |isbn=978-0-14-020343-1}}</ref> Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, [[tin]], [[antimony]], copper and bismuth – the same components still used today.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 27, 2006, from [[Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD]] – entry "printing"</ref> Johannes Gutenberg started work on his [[printing press]] around 1436, in partnership with Andreas Dritzehen – whom he had previously instructed in gem-cutting – and Andreas Heilmann, the owner of a paper mill.<ref name="meggs58-69">{{cite book |last=Polenz |first=Peter von. |title=Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit. |publisher=New York/Berlin: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH |year=1991 |language=de}}</ref>{{pn|date=August 2022}}

Compared to [[woodblock printing]], movable type page setting and printing using a press was faster and more durable. Also, the metal type pieces were sturdier and the lettering more uniform, leading to [[typography]] and [[font]]s. The high quality and relatively low price of the [[Gutenberg Bible]] (1455) established the superiority of movable type for Western languages. The printing press rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the [[Renaissance]], and later [[Spread of the printing press|all around the world]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gutenberg Bible Published |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/gutenberg-bible-published |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Miklós Andor in the page-setting room of Athenaeum Printing House - cca. 1920 (1).tiff|thumb|Page-setting room – {{Circa|1920}}]]
[[Time Life]] magazine called Gutenberg's innovations in movable type printing the most important invention of the second millennium.<ref>In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention to be the most important of the second millennium. In 1999, the A&E Network voted Johannes Gutenberg "Man of the Millennium". See also [http://pirate.shu.edu/~gottlitr/mil_site/lista.html 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221307/http://pirate.shu.edu/~gottlitr/mil_site/lista.html |date=October 12, 2007 }} which was composed by four prominent US journalists in 1998.</ref>

===Rotary printing press===
{{Main|Rotary printing press}}
The steam-powered rotary printing press, invented in 1843 in the United States by [[Richard M. Hoe]],<ref name="meggs147">{{Cite book |last=Meggs |first=Philip B. |title=A History of Graphic Design |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-471-29198-5 |edition=Third |page=147 |author-link=Philip B. Meggs}}</ref> ultimately allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day. Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper, as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace. Hoe's original design operated at up to 2,000 revolutions per hour where each revolution deposited 4 page images, giving the press a throughput of 8,000 pages per hour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard March Hoe {{!}} American inventor and manufacturer |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-March-Hoe |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> By 1891, The [[New York World]] and Philadelphia Item were operating presses producing either 90,000 4-page sheets per hour or 48,000 8-page sheets.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Harry Thurston. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YpRAAAAYAAJ |title=The International Cyclopædia A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Revised with Large Additions · Volume 12 |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company |year=1895 |page=168 |access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref>

The rotary printing press uses impressions curved around a cylinder to print on long continuous rolls of paper or other substrates. Rotary drum printing was later significantly improved by [[William Bullock (inventor)|William Bullock]]. There are multiple types of rotary printing press technologies that are still used today: sheetfed [[Offset printing|offset]], [[rotogravure]], and [[Flexography|flexographic]] printing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JMC 107 Design and Graphics- Printing Process (Gravure & Screen) |url=https://www.davuniversity.org/images/files/study-material/JMC%20107%20Design%20and%20Graphics-%20Printing%20Process%20(Gravure%20&%20Screen).pdf |access-date=May 19, 2024 |website=www.davuniversity.org}}</ref>

=== Printing capacity ===
The table lists the maximum number of pages which various press designs could print ''per hour''.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
! colspan="2" | Hand-operated presses
! colspan="4" | Steam-powered presses
|-
! width="10%" |
! width="10%" | Gutenberg-style <br />{{Circa|1600}}
! width="10%" | [[Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope|Stanhope]] press <br />{{Circa|1800}}
! width="10%" | [[Friedrich Koenig|Koenig]] press <br />1812<!-- British patent nos. 3496 and 3725 -->
! width="10%" | Koenig press <br />1813<!-- British patent no. 3725 (Doppelmaschine) -->
! width="10%" | Koenig press <br />1814<!-- British patent no. 3868 -->
! width="10%" | Koenig press <br />1818<!-- British patent no. 3868 (Zweitourenmaschine) -->
|-
|Impressions per hour
| 200<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pollak |first1=Michael |title=The performance of the wooden printing press |journal=The Library Quarterly |date=1972 |volume=42|issue=2| pages=218–64 |doi=10.1086/620028| jstor=4306163|s2cid=144726990}}</ref> || 480{{sfn|Bolza|1967|p=80}} || 800{{sfn|Bolza|1967|p=83}} || 1,100{{sfn|Bolza|1967|p=87}} || 2,000{{sfn|Bolza|1967|p=88}} || 2,400{{sfn|Bolza|1967|p=88}}
|-
|}