Editing Procellariidae (section)

==Taxonomy and evolution==
The [[family (biology)|family]] Procellariidae was introduced (as Procellaridæ) by the English zoologist [[William Elford Leach]] in a guide to the contents of the [[British Museum]] published in 1820.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Leach | first=William Elford | author-link=William Elford Leach  | year=1820 | chapter=Eleventh Room | title=Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum | volume=17 | place=London | publisher=British Museum | edition=17th| page=68 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55257931 }} Although the name of the author is not specified in the document, Leach was the Keeper of Zoology at the time.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=110, 130, 161 | hdl=2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref> The name is derived from the [[type genus]] ''[[Procellaria]]'' which in turn is derived from the [[Latin]] word ''procella'' meaning "storm" or "gale".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=317 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n317/mode/1up }}</ref> The type genus was named in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=131 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727036 }}</ref>

Procellariidae is one of families that make up the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Procellariiformes]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Petrels, albatrosses | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/petrels/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=15 January 2022 }}</ref> Before the introduction of [[molecular phylogenetic]]s, the traditional arrangement was to divide the Procellariiformes into a set of four families: [[Diomedeidae]] containing the albatrosses, [[Hydrobatidae]] containing all the storm petrels, Pelecanoididae containing the [[diving petrel]]s and Procellariidae containing the petrels, shearwaters and fulmars.<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | pages=48–121 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54612 }}</ref><ref name=hanzaborder>{{cite book | year=1990 | chapter=Order Procellariiformes | editor1-last=Marchant | editor1-first=S. | editor2-last=Higgins | editor2-first=P.G. | title=Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part A, Ratites to petrels | location=Melbourne, Victoria | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-553068-1 | pages=263–264 }}</ref> The family Hydrobatidae was further divided into two [[subfamilies]], the northern storm petrels in Hydrobatinae and the southern or austral storm petrels in Oceanitinae. A 1998 analysis of mitochondrial [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] sequences found there was deep genetic divergence between the two subfamilies.<ref name="Nunn"/> Subsequent large-scale multigene studies found that the two subfamilies were not [[sister taxon|sister taxa]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Hackett | first1=S.J.| last2=Kimball | first2=R.T. | last3=Reddy | first3=S. | last4=Bowie | first4=R.C.K.| last5=Braun | first5=E.L.| last6=Braun | first6=M.J.| last7=Chojnowski | first7=J.L.| last8=Cox | first8=W.A. | last9=Han | first9=K-L. | last10=Harshman | first10=J. | last11=Huddleston | first11=C.J.| last12=Marks | first12=B.D.| last13=Miglia | first13=K.J.| last14=Moore | first14=W.S.| last15=Sheldon | first15=F.H.| last16=Steadman | first16=D.W.| last17=Witt | first17=C.C.| last18= Yuri | first18= T. | year=2008 | title=A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history | journal=Science | volume=320 | issue=5884 | pages=1763–1767 | doi=10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid=18583609| bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H| s2cid=6472805}}</ref><ref name=prum>{{ cite journal | last1=Prum | first1=R.O. | author1-link=Richard Prum | last2=Berv | first2=J.S. | last3=Dornburg | first3=A. | last4=Field | first4=D.J. | last5=Townsend | first5=J.P. | last6=Lemmon | first6=E.M. | last7=Lemmon | first7=A.R. | year=2015 | title=A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing | journal=Nature | volume=526 | issue=7574 | pages=569–573 | doi=10.1038/nature15697 | pmid=26444237 | bibcode=2015Natur.526..569P | doi-access= | s2cid=205246158 }}</ref><ref name=kuhl>{{Cite journal | last1=Kuhl | first1=H. | last2=Frankl-Vilches | first2=C. | last3=Bakker | first3=A. | last4=Mayr | first4=G. | last5=Nikolaus | first5=G. | last6=Boerno | first6=S.T. | last7=Klages | first7=S. | last8=Timmermann | first8=B. | last9=Gahr | first9=M. | date=2020 | title=An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=38 | issue=msaa191 | pages=108–127 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa191 | pmid=32781465 | pmc=7783168 | doi-access=free }}</ref>  The storm petrels were therefore split into two families:  Hydrobatidae containing the northern storm petrels and Oceanitidae, containing the southern storm petrels.<ref name=ioc/> The multigene genetic studies found that the diving petrels in the family Pelecanoididae were nested within the family Procellariidae.<ref name=prum/><ref name=kuhl/><ref name=reddy>{{Cite journal | last1=Reddy | first1=S. | last2=Kimball | first2=R.T. | last3=Pandey | first3=A. | last4=Hosner | first4=P.A. | last5=Braun | first5=M.J. | last6=Hackett | first6=S.J. | last7=Han | first7=K.-L. | last8=Harshman | first8=J. | last9=Huddleston | first9=C.J. | last10=Kingston | first10=S. | last11=Marks | first11=B.D. | last12=Miglia | first12=K.J. | last13=Moore | first13=W.S. | last14=Sheldon | first14=F.H. | last15=Witt | first15=C.C. | last16=Yuri | first16=T. | last17=Braun | first17=E.L. | date=2017 | title=Why do phylogenomic data sets yield conflicting trees? Data type influences the avian tree of life more than taxon sampling | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=66 | issue=5 | pages=857–879 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx041 | pmid=28369655 | doi-access=free }}</ref> As a result, the diving petrels was merged into Procellariidae.<ref name=ioc/>

The molecular evidence suggests that the albatrosses were the first to diverge from the ancestral stock, and the [[Oceanitidae|austral storm petrels]] next, with the procellariids and northern storm petrels splitting most recently.<ref name=prum/><ref name=kuhl/><ref name=reddy/>
{{Clade|label1=Procellariiformes
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Diomedeidae]] – albatrosses (21 species)
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Oceanitidae]] – austral storm petrels (9 species)
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Hydrobatidae]] – northern storm petrels (18 species)
         |2='''Procellariidae''' – petrels and shearwaters (99 species)
      }}
   }}
 }}
}}

Within the procellariid family, a genetic analysis based on the cytochrome ''b'' gene published in 2004 indicated that the genus ''Puffinus'' contained two distinct [[clades]] and was [[polyphyletic]].<ref name=Penhallurick>{{cite journal | last1=Penhallurick | first1=John | last2=Wink | first2=Michael | year=2004 | title=Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' gene | journal=Emu |volume= 104 | issue=2 | pages= 125–147 | doi=10.1071/MU01060| bibcode=2004EmuAO.104..125P | s2cid=83202756 }}</ref> The genus was therefore split and a group of species moved into the resurrected genus ''[[Ardenna]]''.<ref name=ioc/><ref>{{ cite web | last=Remsen | first=J.V. |  title=Proposal (647) to South American Classification Committee: Split ''Ardenna'' from ''Puffinus'' | publisher=South American Classification Committee | date=September 2014 | url=http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop647.htm | accessdate=23 January 2016}}</ref> The other genera within the family were found to be [[monotypic]] but the relationships between the genera remained unclear.<ref name=Penhallurick/> This changed when a multigene genetic study published in 2021 provided a genus-level phylogeny of the family.<ref name=estandia>{{Cite journal | last1=Estandía | first1=A. | last2=Chesser | first2=R.T. | last3=James | first3=H.F. | last4=Levy | first4=M.A. | last5=Ferrer Obiol | first5=J. | last6=Bretagnolle | first6=V. | last7=González-Solís | first7=J. | last8=Welch | first8=A.J. | accessdate=11 December 2021 | date=27 July 2021 | title=Substitution rate variation in a robust Procellariiform seabird phylogeny is not solely explained by body mass, flight efficiency, population size or life history traits | journal=bioRxiv | url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.453752v1 | pages=2021.07.27.453752| doi=10.1101/2021.07.27.453752 | s2cid=236502443 }}</ref>

{{Clade
|label1='''Procellariidae'''
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Snow petrel|Pagodroma]]'' – snow petrel
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Thalassoica]]'' – Antarctic petrel
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Daption]]'' – Cape petrel
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Macronectes]]'' – giant petrels (2 species)
               |2=''[[Fulmarus]]'' – fulmars (2 species)
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Pelecanoides]]'' – diving petrels (4 species)
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Halobaena]]'' – blue petrel
               |2=''[[Pachyptila]]'' – prions (7 species)
               }}
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Aphrodroma]]'' – Kerguelen petrel
            |2=''[[Pterodroma]]'' – gadfly petrels (35 species)
            }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Bulweria]]'' – petrels (2 extant species)
            |2=''[[Pseudobulweria]]'' – petrels (4 species)
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Procellaria]]'' – petrels (5 species)
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Puffinus]]'' – shearwaters (21 species)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Calonectris]]'' – shearwaters (4 species)
                  |2=''[[Ardenna]]'' – shearwaters (7 species)
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

There are 99 [[species]] of procellariid in 16 [[genus|genera]].<ref name=ioc/> The family has usually been broken up into four fairly distinct groups; the [[fulmarine petrel]]s, the [[gadfly petrel]]s, the [[prion (bird)|prions]], and the [[shearwater]]s. With the inclusion of the diving petrels there are now five main groups.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992a|p=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/216/mode/1up 216]}}<ref name=hanzabfam>{{cite book | year=1990 | chapter=Family Procellariidae: fulmars, petrels, prions, shearwaters | editor1-last=Marchant | editor1-first=S. | editor2-last=Higgins | editor2-first=P.G. | title=Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part A, Ratites to petrels | location=Melbourne, Victoria | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-553068-1 | pages=355–356 }}</ref>

* The fulmarine petrels include the largest procellariids, the [[giant petrel]]s, as well as the two [[fulmar]] species, the [[snow petrel]], the [[Antarctic petrel]], and the [[Cape petrel]]. The fulmarine petrels are a diverse group with differing habits and appearances, but are linked [[morphology (biology)|morphologically]] by their [[skull]] features, particularly the long prominent nasal tubes.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992a|p=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/218/mode/1up 218]}}
*The four diving petrels are the smallest procellariids with lengths of around {{cvt|20|cm}} and wingspans of {{cvt|33|cm}}. They are compact birds with short wings that are adapted for use under water. They have a characteristic whirring flight and dive into the water without settling. They probably remain all year in the seas near their breeding sites.<ref name=hanzabpele>{{cite book | year=1990 | chapter=Family Pelecanoididae: diving-petrels | editor1-last=Marchant | editor1-first=S. | editor2-last=Higgins | editor2-first=P.G. | title=Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part A, Ratites to petrels | location=Melbourne, Victoria | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-553068-1 | page=719 }}</ref>
* The gadfly petrels, so named due to their helter-skelter flight, are the 35 species in the [[genus]] ''[[Pterodroma]]''. The species vary from small to medium sizes, {{cvt|26|–|46|cm}} in length, and are long winged with short hooked bills.<ref name=Imber1985>{{cite journal | last=Imber | first=M.J. | year = 1985 | title = Origins, phylogeny and taxonomy of the gadfly petrels ''Pterodroma spp'' | journal = Ibis | volume = 127 | issue = 2| pages = 197–229 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.1985.tb05055.x}}</ref> They are most closely related to [[Kerguelen petrel]] which is placed in its own genus ''Aphrodroma''.<ref name=estandia/>
* The prions comprise seven species of true prion in the genus ''[[Pachyptila]]'' and the closely related [[blue petrel]]. Often known in the past as whalebirds, three species have large bills filled with [[Lamellae (zoology)|lamellae]] that they use to filter [[plankton]] somewhat as [[baleen whale]]s do, though the old name derives from their association with whales, not their bills (though "prions" does, deriving from [[Ancient Greek]] for "[[saw]]"). They are small procellariids, {{cvt|25|–|30|cm}} in length, with a prominent dark M-shaped mark across the upperwing of their grey plumage. All are restricted to the southern hemisphere.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992a|pp=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/219/mode/1up 219], [https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/223/mode/1up 223], [https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/248/mode/1up 248–250]}}
* The shearwaters are adapted for diving after prey instead of foraging on the ocean's surface; several species have been recorded diving deeper than {{cvt|30|m}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Shoji | first1=A. | last2=Dean | first2=B. | last3=Kirk | first3=H. | last4=Freeman | first4=R. | last5=Perrins | first5=C.M. | last6=Guilford | first6=T. | date=2016 | title=The diving behaviour of the Manx Shearwater ''Puffinus puffinus'' | journal=Ibis | volume=158 | issue=3 | pages=598–606 | doi=10.1111/ibi.12381| url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10075136/ | url-access=subscription }}</ref> They are known for the long trans-equatorial migrations undertaken by many species.{{sfn|Carboneras|1992a|p=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/221/mode/1up 221]}} The shearwaters include the 20 or so species of the genus ''[[Puffinus]]'', seven species in the genus ''[[Ardenna]]'', as well as the five large ''[[Procellaria]]'' species and the four ''[[Calonectris]]'' species. While all these four genera are often known collectively as shearwaters, the ''Procellaria'' are called petrels in their common names.<ref name=ioc/>