Editing Procellariiformes (section)

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Pterodroma macroptera Godman.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pterodroma macroptera]]'' from [[Frederick DuCane Godman|Godman]]'s ''Monograph of the Petrels'', 1907–1910]]
{{Cladogram
|caption=Phylogeny of the extant procellariforms based on a study by Richard Prum and colleagues published in 2015.<ref name=prum2015>{{ cite journal | last1=Prum | first1=R.O. | author1-link=Richard Prum | last2=Berv | first2=J.S. | last3=Dornburg | first3=A. | last4=Field | first4=D.J. | last5=Townsend | first5=J.P. | last6=Lemmon | first6=E.M. | last7=Lemmon | first7=A.R. | year=2015 | title=A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing | journal=Nature | volume=526 | issue=7574 | pages=569–573 | doi=10.1038/nature15697 | pmid=26444237 | bibcode=2015Natur.526..569P | s2cid=205246158 | doi-access= }}</ref><!---Kuhl et al 2020 obtained the same cladogram-->  The number of species is taken from the list maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela C. Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the [[International Ornithological Committee]] (IOC).<ref name=ioc/>
|align=right
|cladogram={{Clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%;width:460px;
|label1=Procellariiformes
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Diomedeidae]] – albatrosses (21 species)
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Oceanitidae]] – austral storm petrels (10 species)
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Hydrobatidae]] – northern storm petrels (18 species)
         |2=[[Procellariidae]] – petrels and shearwaters (100 species)
      }}
   }}
 }}
}}
}}

The order was named Procellariiformes by German anatomist [[Max Fürbringer]] in 1888.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Fürbringer | first=Max | author-link=Max Fürbringer | date=1888 | title=Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Anatomie der Stütz- und Bewegungsorgane | volume=2 | language=German | location=Amsterdam | publisher=T. van Holkema | page=1566 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36057172 }}</ref> The word comes from the [[Latin]] word ''procella'', which means ''a violent wind'' or ''a storm'', and ''-iformes'' for ''order''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gotch |first1=A. F. |title=Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals|year= 1995 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-8160-3377-5|page=190|chapter=Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels}}</ref> 
Until the beginning of the 20th century, the family Hydrobatidae was named Procellariidae, and the family now called Procellariidae was rendered "Puffinidae."<ref name=Auk1896>{{cite journal | title=Saunders and Salvin's Catalogue of the Gaviae and Tubinares. | author=Allen, J.A. | journal=The Auk |date=April 1896 | volume=13 | issue=2 | pages=160–162 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15943644 | author-link=Joel Asaph Allen | quote=Passing now to the Tubinares, Mr. Salvin divides them into four families,—Procellariidae, Puffinidae, Pelecanoididae, and Diomedeidae | doi=10.2307/4068699| jstor=4068699 }}</ref> The order itself was called Tubinares.<ref name=Godman>{{cite book | url=https://sites.google.com/site/mmslouis/ducanegodman,monographofthepetrels | title=A Monograph of the Petrels (Order Tubinares) | publisher=Witherby | author=Godman, Frederick Du Cane | year=1907–1910 | location=London | access-date=2013-03-01 | archive-date=2014-12-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222192230/https://sites.google.com/site/mmslouis/ducanegodman,monographofthepetrels | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Auk1896/> A major early work on this group is [[Frederick DuCane Godman]]'s ''Monograph of the Petrels'', five fascicles, 1907–1910, with figures by [[John Gerrard Keulemans]].<ref name=Godman/>

In the [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]], the tubenoses were included in a greatly enlarged order "Ciconiiformes". This [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] treatment was almost certainly erroneous, but its assumption of a close evolutionary relationship with other "higher waterbirds" – such as [[loon]]s (Gaviiformes) and [[penguin]]s (Sphenisciformes) – appears to be correct.<!-- Mayr (2009): "Paleogene Fossil Birds" is all the source you need. No page numbers needed here; he discusses the issue throughout half of the book. --><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.kumarlab.net/pdf_new/PachecoEscalante11.pdf |title=Evolution of modern birds revealed by mitogenomics: Timing the radiation and origin of major orders |author1=Pacheco, M.A. |author2=Battistuzzi, F.U. |author3=Lentino, M. |author4=Aguilar, R.F. |author5=Kumar, S. |author6=Escalante, A.A. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |year=2011 |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1927–1942 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msr014 |pmid=21242529 |pmc=3144022 |access-date=2013-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213022325/http://www.kumarlab.net/pdf_new/PachecoEscalante11.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The procellariiforms are most closely related to penguins,<ref name = "Jarvis2014">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.1253451| pmid = 25504713| url = https://pgl.soe.ucsc.edu/jarvis14.pdf| title = Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds| journal = Science| volume = 346| issue = 6215| pages = 1320–1331| date = 2014| last1 = Jarvis| first1 = E. D.| author1-link = Erich Jarvis| last2 = Mirarab| first2 = S.| last3 = Aberer| first3 = A. J.| last4 = Li| first4 = B.| last5 = Houde| first5 = P.| last6 = Li| first6 = C.| last7 = Ho| first7 = S. Y. W.| last8 = Faircloth| first8 = B. C.| last9 = Nabholz| first9 = B.| last10 = Howard| first10 = J. T.| last11 = Suh| first11 = A.| last12 = Weber| first12 = C. C.| last13 = Da Fonseca| first13 = R. R.| last14 = Li| first14 = J.| last15 = Zhang| first15 = F.| last16 = Li| first16 = H.| last17 = Zhou| first17 = L.| last18 = Narula| first18 = N.| last19 = Liu| first19 = L.| last20 = Ganapathy| first20 = G.| last21 = Boussau| first21 = B.| last22 = Bayzid| first22 = M. S.| last23 = Zavidovych| first23 = V.| last24 = Subramanian| first24 = S.| last25 = Gabaldon| first25 = T.| last26 = Capella-Gutierrez| first26 = S.| last27 = Huerta-Cepas| first27 = J.| last28 = Rekepalli| first28 = B.| last29 = Munch| first29 = K.| last30 = Schierup| first30 = M.| pmc = 4405904| display-authors = 29| access-date = 2015-08-28| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191206033643/https://pgl.soe.ucsc.edu/jarvis14.pdf| archive-date = 2019-12-06| url-status = dead| bibcode = 2014Sci...346.1320J| hdl = 10072/67425}}</ref> having diverged from them about 60 million years ago.<ref name = "LiC2014">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1186/2047-217X-3-27| title = Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment| journal = GigaScience| volume = 3| issue = 1| pages = 27| date = 2014-12-12| last1 = Li | first1 = C. | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Y. | last3 = Li | first3 = J. | last4 = Kong | first4 = L. | last5 = Hu | first5 = H. | last6 = Pan | first6 = H. | last7 = Xu | first7 = L. | last8 = Deng | first8 = Y. | last9 = Li | first9 = Q. | last10 = Jin | first10 = L. | last11 = Yu | first11 = H. | last12 = Chen | first12 = Y. | last13 = Liu | first13 = B. | last14 = Yang | first14 = L. | last15 = Liu | first15 = S. | last16 = Zhang | first16 = Y. | last17 = Lang | first17 = Y. | last18 = Xia | first18 = J. | last19 = He | first19 = W. | last20 = Shi | first20 = Q. | last21 = Subramanian | first21 = S. | last22 = Millar | first22 = C. D. | last23 = Meader | first23 = S. | last24 = Rands | first24 = C. M. | last25 = Fujita | first25 = M. K. | last26 = Greenwold | first26 = M. J. | last27 = Castoe | first27 = T. A. | last28 = Pollock | first28 = D. D. | last29 = Gu | first29 = W. | last30 = Nam | first30 = K. | pmid=25671092 | pmc=4322438| doi-access = free}}</ref>

The diving petrels in the genus ''[[Pelecanoides]]'' were formerly placed in their own family Pelecanoididae.<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=118 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108758 }}</ref> When genetic studies found that they were embedded within the family Procellariidae, the two families were merged.<ref name=prum2015/><ref name=ioc/>

All the storm petrels were once placed in the family Hydrobatidae but genetic data indicated that Hydrobatidae consisted of two deeply divergent clades that were not sister taxa.<ref name=j13/><ref name=hackett/><ref name=prum2015/><ref name=reddy/> In 2018 the austral storm petrels were moved to the new family Oceanitidae.<ref name=ioc/><ref>{{cite journal| last1=Chesser | first1=R.T.  | last2=Burns | first2=K.J. | last3=Cicero | first3=C. | last4=Dunn | first4=J.L.  | last5=Kratter | first5=A.W. | last6=Lovette | first6=I.J. | last7=Rasmussen | first7=P.C. | last8=Remsen | first8=J.V. Jr | last9=Stotz  | first9=D.F. | last10=Winger | first10=B.M. | last11=Winker  | first11=K. | year=2018 | title=Fifty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's ''Check-list of North American Birds'' |journal=The Auk |volume=135 | issue=3 |pages=798–813 |doi=10.1642/AUK-18-62.1 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The northern storm petrels in the family Hydrobatidae are more closely related to the family Procellariidae than they are to the austral storm petrels in the family Oceanitidae.<ref name=prum2015/>

Earlier [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies found the family Oceantidae containing the austral storm petrels as the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] with differing branching topologies for other three families.<ref name=j13/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Kennedy | first1=Martyn | last2=Page | first2=Roderic D. M. | date=2002 | title=Seabird supertrees: combining partial estimates of Procellariiform phylogeny | journal=The Auk | volume=119 | issue=1 | pages=88–108 | doi=10.1093/auk/119.1.88 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=hackett>{{ cite journal | last1=Hackett | first1=S.J.| last2=Kimball | first2=R.T. | last3=Reddy | first3=S. | last4=Bowie | first4=R.C.K.| last5=Braun | first5=E.L.| last6=Braun | first6=M.J.| last7=Chojnowski | first7=J.L.| last8=Cox | first8=W.A. | last9=Han | first9=K-L. | last10=Harshman | first10=J. | last11=Huddleston | first11=C.J.| last12=Marks | first12=B.D.| last13=Miglia | first13=K.J.| last14=Moore | first14=W.S.| last15=Sheldon | first15=F.H.| last16=Steadman | first16=D.W.| last17=Witt | first17=C.C.| last18= Yuri | first18= T. | year=2008 | title=A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history | journal=Science | volume=320 | issue=5884 | pages=1763–1767 | doi=10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid=18583609| bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H| s2cid=6472805}}</ref> More recent large-scale studies have found a consistent pattern with the albatross family Diomedeidae as the most basal and Hydrobatidae [[sister taxon|sister]] to Procellariidae.<ref name=prum2015/><ref name=reddy>{{Cite journal | last1=Reddy | first1=S. | last2=Kimball | first2=R.T. | last3=Pandey | first3=A. | last4=Hosner | first4=P.A. | last5=Braun | first5=M.J. | last6=Hackett | first6=S.J. | last7=Han | first7=K.-L. | last8=Harshman | first8=J. | last9=Huddleston | first9=C.J. | last10=Kingston | first10=S. | last11=Marks | first11=B.D. | last12=Miglia | first12=K.J. | last13=Moore | first13=W.S. | last14=Sheldon | first14=F.H. | last15=Witt | first15=C.C. | last16=Yuri | first16=T. | last17=Braun | first17=E.L. | date=2017 | title=Why do phylogenomic data sets yield conflicting trees? Data type influences the avian tree of life more than taxon sampling | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=66 | issue=5 | pages=857–879 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx041 | pmid=28369655 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Kuhl | first1=H. | last2=Frankl-Vilches | first2=C. | last3=Bakker | first3=A. | last4=Mayr | first4=G. | last5=Nikolaus | first5=G. | last6=Boerno | first6=S.T. | last7=Klages | first7=S. | last8=Timmermann | first8=B. | last9=Gahr | first9=M. | date=2020 | title=An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=38 | issue=msaa191 | pages=108–127 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa191 | pmid=32781465 |pmc=7783168  | doi-access=free }}</ref>

There are 147 living species of procellariiform worldwide,<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Petrels, albatrosses | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/petrels/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=29 July 2024 }}</ref> and the order is divided into four extant families, with a fifth [[prehistoric]]ally [[extinct]]:

* Family [[Diomedeidae]] ([[albatross]]es) are very large seabirds with a large strong hooked bill. They have strong legs, enabling them to walk well on land.<ref name=Tickell>Tickell, W.L.N. (2000). ''Albatrosses''. Pica Press. {{ISBN|1-873403-94-1}}</ref>
* Family [[Oceanitidae]] (Austral storm petrels) are among the smallest seabirds, with fluttering flight and long but weak legs. Most have dark upperparts and a white underside.<ref name=hbw-hydrobatidae>{{ cite book | last=Carboneras | first=C. | year=1992 | chapter=Family Hydrobatidae (Storm-petrels) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=1: Ostrich to Ducks | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=84-87334-10-5 | pages=258–271 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/258/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref>
* Family [[Hydrobatidae]] (northern storm petrels) are similar to the austral storm petrels but have longer more pointed wings and most species have forked tails.<ref name=hbw-hydrobatidae/>
* Family [[Procellariidae]] ([[shearwater]]s, [[fulmarine petrel]]s, [[gadfly petrel]]s, and [[prion (bird)|prion]]s) are a varied group of small or medium-sized seabirds, the largest being the [[giant petrel]]s. They are heavy for their size, with a high wing loading, so they need to fly fast. Most, except the giant petrels, have weak legs and are nearly helpless on land.<ref name=Maynard />
* Family †[[Diomedeoididae]] (Early [[Oligocene]] – Early [[Miocene]]) is an extinct group that had narrow beaks and feet with wide, flat [[Phalanx bone|phalange]]s, especially on the fourth toe.<ref name="Mayr"/>

Fossils of a bird similar to a petrel from the [[Eocene]] have been found in the [[London Clay]] and in [[Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Origin and Evolution of Birds |url=https://archive.org/details/originevolutiono0000fedu |url-access=registration |publisher=Yale University Press |author=Feduccia, A. | year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A petrel-like bird from the late Eocene of Louisiana: Earliest record of the order Procellariiformes |url=http://biostor.org/reference/65605 |author1=Feduccia, A. |author2=McPherson, B. |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |year=1993 |volume=106 |pages=749–751}}</ref> Diving petrels occurred in the Miocene, with a species from that family (''[[Pelecanoides miokuaka]]'') being described in 2007.<ref name="diving fossil">{{Cite journal |last=Worthy |first=Trevor |author2=Tennyson, Alan J. D. |author3=Jones, C. |author4=McNamara, James A. |author5= Douglas, Barry J.  |year=2007 |title=Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–39 (see p.&nbsp;8) |doi=10.1017/S1477201906001957|bibcode=2007JSPal...5....1W |hdl=2440/43360 |s2cid=85230857 |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/43360/1/hdl_43360.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The most numerous fossils from the [[Paleogene]] are those from the extinct family Diomedeoididae, fossils of which have been found in Central Europe and Iran.<ref name ="Mayr">{{Cite journal |last=Mayr |first=Gerald |year=2009 |title=Notes on the osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae (Aves, Procellariiformes) |journal=Fossil Record |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=133–140 |doi=10.1002/mmng.200900003|doi-access=free |bibcode=2009FossR..12..133M }}</ref>