Editing Process-oriented psychology (section)

==Origins and reception==
Process oriented psychology was originated in the 1970s by Arnold Mindell, an American Jungian analyst then living in Switzerland.<ref name=Totton2003 />{{rp|107}}  It began as a development of Jungian psychology with the concept of a 'dreambody' that extended dream analysis to include work with people's body symptoms and bodily experiences.<ref name=Totton2003 /><ref name=Shafton1995 /><ref name=Zwig1990 /> Jungian analyst [[June Singer]] commented that Mindell's work 'expands the scope of Jung's psychology to include not only the psyche but also the body, relationships and the total environment.'<ref name=Singer1995 />{{rp|40}} [[Stanislav Grof]] has described Arnold Mindell as one of the 'pioneers of transpersonal psychology'.<ref name=Grof2010 />{{rp|102}}  Mindell's concepts of 'deep democracy' and 'worldwork' have been identified as part of a toolkit for transformational change which supports collective governance.<ref name=Brown2014>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Valerie A.|last2=Harris|first2=John A.|title=The human capacity for transformational change: harnessing the collective mind|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781138800632|url=http://www.collectivethinking.com.au/portfolio/the-human-capacity-for-transformational-change/}}</ref>{{rp|136}}

In a critical exploration of the relationship between African Americans and C.G. Jung's analytical psychology, Fanny Brewster describes Mindell's dreambody work and his linking of body symptoms and psychological development.<ref name="Brewster2017">{{cite book|last1=Brewster|first1=Fanny|title=African Americans and Jungian Psychology: Leaving the Shadows|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1138952768}}</ref>{{rp|59–61}} Brewster finds that Mindell's development of Jungian ideas is aligned with traditional African concepts of healing which link mind and body: 
: ‘I believe that Mindell’s approach to dreamwork with its emphasis on body healing mirrors the African system of healing’s inclusiveness of body and mind in the process.’<ref name="Brewster2017"/>{{rp|59}}

Process Work is recognised within the field of body psychotherapy and somatic psychology<ref name="Young2011" />{{rp|65}}<ref name="Caldwell1997" />{{rp|61–70}}<ref>Totton, N. (Ed.). (2005). ''New Dimensions in Body Psychotherapy''. London: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|978-0335215928}} (p.4, Ch. 11 pp.153-167)</ref> with its emphasis on movement and body feeling.<ref name=Payne2006>Payne, H. (2006). Tracking the web of interconnectivity (Editorial). Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy: An International Journal for Theory, Research and Practice, 1(1), 7–15.(p. 9-10)</ref><ref>Steckler, L. H. (2006). Somatic soulmates. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 1(1), 29–42. {{doi|10.1080/17432970500410960}} (p.37)</ref><ref>Chodorow, J. (1991). Dance Therapy and Depth Psychology: The Moving Imagination. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge. (p.112)</ref> Mindell was one of five people honored in 2012 with a Pioneer Award from the US Association of Body Psychotherapy.<ref>{{cite web|title=USABP Pioneer Award 2012|url=http://usabp.org/about-us/usabp-pioneer-awards/usabp-pioneer-award/|publisher=United States Association for Body Psychotherapy|access-date=October 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031224152/http://usabp.org/about-us/usabp-pioneer-awards/usabp-pioneer-award/|archive-date=October 31, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the publication of his book ''Dreambody'' in 1982, it reportedly gained a 'worldwide following in the field of holistic healing' although remaining little known in 'traditional psychological circles'.<ref name=Schafer />

Process Work is described as an integrative and holistic approach to understanding human behaviours.<ref name=McLagan2002>{{cite book|last=McLagan|first=Pat|title=Change is everybody's business|year=2002|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers|location=San Francisco, CA|isbn=978-1576751909|pages=[https://archive.org/details/changeiseverybod00mcla/page/131 131–132]|url=https://archive.org/details/changeiseverybod00mcla/page/131}}</ref> It is characterized as creative and improvisational: a 'fluid, flexible, playful approach, using some basic principles to improvise effective approaches to whatever comes its way, even-handedly weaving together the personal, political, the bodily, the relational and the spiritual aspects of existence.'<ref>Totton, 2003 (p.107)</ref> It is considered to have similarities with [[Eugene Gendlin]]'s [[Focusing (psychotherapy)|Focusing]]<ref name=Shafton1995 />{{rp|335}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilkerson|first=R.|title=Arnold Mindell and the Dreambody|url=http://www.dreamtree.com/inside/2010/03/23/arnold-mindell-and-the-dreambody/|work=Dreamtree, 23 March 2010|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101021807/http://www.dreamtree.com/inside/2010/03/23/arnold-mindell-and-the-dreambody/|archive-date=1 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is identified with a focus on the unknown aspects of experience:

:'Process Work ... seeks to encounter with the unknown and the irrational side of life. ... [It] appreciates symptoms and disturbances of any sort, not as pathologies to be healed or transcended or somehow got rid of, but as expressions of the very thing we need for our further growth, happiness, or enlightenment.'<ref>{{cite book|last=Hartley|first=Linda|title=Somatic Psychology|year=2004|publisher=Whurr Publishers Ltc|location=London|isbn=1-86156-430-9|page=213}}</ref>

From its original 'dreambody' concept, Process Work developed a theory and method of working with altered states of consciousness including near death and coma,<ref>Manetta, L. M. (1999). Book Review: Coma, A Healing Journey: A Guide for Family, Friends and Helpers. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 16(4), 621–621. {{doi|10.1177/104990919901600413}}</ref> and with experiences given psychiatric diagnoses.<ref>Ramon, S. (1989). Book Reviews: City Shadows: Psychological Interventions in Psychiatry by Arnold Mindell. ''International Journal of Social Psychiatry'', 35(2), 210–210. {{doi|10.1177/002076408903500212}}</ref><ref>Williams, P. (2012). ''Rethinking madness: towards a paradigm shift in our understanding and treatment of psychosis''. San Francisco: Sky’s Edge Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0984986705}} (p.105-108)</ref>  Mindell's book on coma and palliative care<ref>Mindell, A. (1995). ''Coma: The Dreambody Near Death.'' Penguin Books. {{ISBN|9780140194838}}</ref> inspired a UK theatre production performed in Edinburgh<ref>Burnet, A. (1999, April 17). Preview Landscape of the mind. ''The Scotsman'', p. News: p17. Edinburgh, Scotland.</ref> and London.<ref>Gardner, L. (1999, May 4). Arts: Beautiful dreamers: It's hard to imagine a less promising subject for a play than a coma. But if anyone can make it work, it's Improbable Theatre. ''The Guardian'', p. News: p13. London</ref><ref>Taylor, P. (1999, May 24). Theatre: In Death's other kingdom. ''The Independent''. London.</ref> Process Work and Arnold Mindell are also known for a theory and methods for working with conflict resolution and leadership issues, in groups and organisations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders|first=C.|title=Deep Democracy: The Cutting Edge of Conflict Resolution with Arny and Amy Mindell|url=http://www.drcat.org/articles_interviews/html/DeepDemocracy.html|work=Originally published in The New Times August 1994|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031190338/http://www.drcat.org/articles_interviews/html/DeepDemocracy.html|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Zimmermann, Z. (2011, April 25). A simple conflict resolution model. Denver Examiner (CO), Section: Denver Psychology Examiner.</ref><ref>Kate Sutherland. (2012). Process oriented psychology (Ch. 8) In ''Make Light Work in Groups: 10 Tools to Transform Meetings, Companies and Communities''. Incite Press. {{ISBN|978-0986612749}}</ref><ref name=Bressen2004>Bressen, T. (2004). Working on Your Issues with someone (whether or not they join in). ''Communities Magazine'', (Number 124 (Fall)).</ref>

Process oriented psychology has been associated with alternative spirituality movements.<ref name="Toub2010" />  It is considered an example of a modern Western eclectic adaptation of shamanism<ref>Znamenski, A. A. (2007). ''The beauty of the primitive: Shamanism and the western imagination.'' New York: Oxford University Press. (p.253)</ref> and has been taught at the [[Findhorn Foundation|Findhorn]] community in north-east Scotland.<ref>Sutcliffe, S. (2000). A Colony of Seekers: Findhorn in the 1990s. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 15(2), 215–231. {{doi|10.1080/13537900050005985}} (p.217)</ref> [[Fred Alan Wolf]] cites Mindell's 'dreambody' concept<ref>Wolf, F. A. (1994). The body in the mind. ''Psychological Perspectives: A Quarterly Journal of Jungian Thought'', 30(1) (p. 32-33)</ref> and the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]] lists Mindell in their directory.<ref>{{cite web|title=IONS Directory Profile: Arnold Mindell|url=http://www.noetic.org/directory/person/arnold-mindell/|publisher=Institute of Noetic Sciences|access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>