Editing Prophet's Mosque (section)

== History ==
{{Main|Muhammad in Medina}}
{{See also|History of Islam}}

=== Under Muhammad and the Rashidun (622–660 AD) ===
[[File:Hadith Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy 1.png|thumb|A [[hadith]] inscribed in the mosque which says "A prayer in this mosque of mine is better than a thousand prayers anywhere else, except for ''Al-[[Masjid al-Haram]]''."]]

The mosque was built by Muhammad in 622 AD after his arrival in Medina.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Prophet's Mosque [Al-Masjid An-Nabawi]|url=http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/articles/154991/the-prophets-mosque-al-masjid-an-nabawi|publisher=Islam Web|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> Riding a camel called Qaswa, he arrived at the place where this mosque was built, which was being used as a burial ground.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=49}} Refusing to accept the land as a gift from the two orphans, Sahl and Suhayl, who owned the land, he bought the land which was paid for by Abu Ayyub [[Ansar (Islam)|al-Ansari]], and it took seven months to complete the construction of the mosque. It measured {{convert|30.5|×|35.62|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=49}} The roof which was supported by palm trunks was made of beaten clay and palm leaves. It was at a height of {{convert|3.60|m|abbr=on}}. The three doors of the mosque were the ''Bāb ar-Raḥmah'' ({{Lang|ar|بَاب ٱلرَّحْمَة}}, "Gate of the Mercy") to the south, ''Bāb Jibrīl'' ({{Lang|ar|بَاب جِبْرِيْل}}, "Gate of [[Gabriel]]") to the west, and ''Bāb an-Nisāʾ'' ({{Lang|ar|بَاب ٱلنِّسَاء}}, "Gate of the Women") to the east.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=49}} At this time point in the history of the mosque, the wall of the ''[[qibla]]h'' was facing north to [[Jerusalem]], and the [[Suffah]] was along the northern wall. In the year 7 AH, after the [[Battle of Khaybar]], the mosque was expanded{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=50}} to {{convert|47.32|m|abbr=on}} on each side, and three rows of columns were built beside the west wall, which became the place of praying.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=51}} The mosque remained unaltered during the reign of Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=51}}

Umar demolished all the houses around the mosque, except those of [[Muhammad's wives]], to expand it.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Atiqur Rahman|title=Umar Bin Khattab: The Man of Distinction|year=2003|publisher=Adam Publishers|isbn=978-81-7435-329-0|page=53}}</ref> The new mosque's dimensions became {{convert|57.49|×|66.14|m|abbr=on}}. Sun-dried mud bricks were used to construct the walls of the enclosure. Besides strewing pebbles on the floor, the roof's height was increased to {{convert|5.6|m|abbr=on}}. Umar constructed three more gates for entrance. He also added ''Al-Buṭayḥah'' ({{Lang|ar|ٱلْبُطَيْحَة}}) for people to recite poetry.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=54}}

The third Rashidun caliph [[Uthman]] demolished the mosque in 649. Ten months were spent in building the new rectangular shaped mosque whose face was turned towards the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca. The new mosque measured {{convert|81.40|×|62.58|m|abbr=on}}. The number of gates as well as their names remained the same.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=55}} The enclosure was made of stones laid in mortar. The palm trunk columns were replaced by stone columns which were joined by iron clamps. [[Teakwood]] was used in reconstructing the ceiling filza.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=56}}

=== Under subsequent Islamic states (660–1517) ===
[[File:Medina Grab des Propheten.JPG|thumb|The mosque during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Era]], in the 19th century]]

In 706 or 707, the [[Umayyad]] caliph [[al-Walid I]] ({{reign|705|715}}) instructed his governor of Medina, the future caliph [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]], to significantly enlarge the mosque.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1994|p=73}}{{sfn|Munt|2014|p=106}} According to the architectural historian Robert Hillenbrand, the building of a large scale mosque in Medina, the original center of the caliphate, was an "acknowledgement" by al-Walid of "his own roots and those of Islam itself" and possibly an attempt to appease Medinan resentment at the loss of the city's political importance to [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]] under the Umayyads.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1994|p=73}}

It took three years for the work to be completed. Raw materials were procured from the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=NE McMillan|title=Fathers and Sons: The Rise and Fall of Political Dynasty in the Middle East|date=18 June 2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-29789-1|page=33}}</ref> Al-Walid lavished large sums for the mosque's reconstruction and supplied mosaics and Greek and [[Copts|Coptic]] craftsmen.{{sfn|Bacharach|1996|p=35}} The area of the mosque was increased from the area {{convert|5094|m2|ft2}} of Uthman's time, to {{convert|8672|m2|ft2}}.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=62}} Its redevelopment entailed the demolition of the living quarters of [[Wives of Muhammad|Muhammad's wives]] and the expansion of the structure to incorporate the graves of Muhammad, Abu Bakr and Umar.{{sfn|Kennedy|2002|p=127}}{{sfn|Bacharach|1996|p=35}}{{sfn|Munt|2014|pp=106–108}} The vocal opposition to the demolition of Muhammad's home from local religious circles was dismissed by al-Walid.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1994|p=73}} A wall was built to segregate the mosque and the houses of the wives of Muhammad. The mosque was reconstructed in a trapezoid shape with the length of the longer side being {{convert|101.76|m|ft}}. For the first time, [[porticoes]] were built in the mosque connecting the northern part of the structure to the sanctuary.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=62}}

According to the 10th-century writer [[Ibn Rusta]], [[minaret]]s were also built for the first time during al-Walid's expansion as four towers were added to the mosque's corners.{{Sfn|Bloom|2013|p=49}} They may be the first minarets in [[Islamic architecture]],{{Sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=21}} though it is not clear exactly what purpose these towers served in this early period.{{Sfn|Bloom|2013|p=49 (see also the rest of this chapter for context)}} At the time of Ibn Rusta's writing, only one of the original four towers remained standing. The southwest minaret was demolished in 716 on the orders of [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]].{{Sfn|Bloom|2013|p=49}}

The [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Mahdi]] ({{reign|775|785}}) extended the mosque to the north by {{convert|50|m|ft}}. His name was also inscribed on the walls of the mosque. He also planned to remove six steps to the ''minbar'', but abandoned this idea, fearing damage to the wooden platforms on which they were built.{{sfn|Munt|2014|p=116}} The project required the demolition of the two northern minarets of al-Walid's time but they were replaced by two new towers at the northern corners of the new expansion.{{Sfn|Bloom|2013|pp=49–50}} According to an inscription of [[Ibn Qutaybah]], the caliph [[al-Ma'mun]] ({{reign|813|833}}) did "unspecified work" on the mosque. [[Al-Mutawakkil]] ({{reign|847|861}}) lined the enclosure of Muhammad's tomb with marble.{{sfn|Munt|2014|p=118}}

In 1269, the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] sultan [[Baybars]] sent dozens of artisans led by the eunuch Emir Jamal al-Din Muhsin al-Salihi to rebuild the sanctuary, including enclosures around the tombs of Muhammad and of Fatima.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marmon|first=Shaun Elizabeth|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHbmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507101-6|pages=51|language=en|chapter=Madina: Sultan and Prophet}}</ref> The Mamluk sultan [[al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri]] ({{reign|1501|1516}}) built a dome of stone over his grave in 1476.<ref name="AMN">{{cite book|author1=Wahbi Hariri-Rifai, Mokhless Hariri-Rifai|title=The Heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|year=1990|publisher=GDG Exhibits Trust|isbn=978-0-9624483-0-0|page=161}}</ref>

=== Ottoman period (1517–1805 and 1840–1919) ===
[[File:Masjid an-Nabawi 1750.jpg|thumb|alt=An illustration of the Mosque, 18th century|An illustration of the mosque in the 18th century]]{{More citations needed|section|date=October 2024}}
Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] (r. 1520–1566) rebuilt the east and west walls of the mosque, and added the northeastern minaret known as ''Süleymaniyye''. He added a new altar called Ahnaf next to Muhammad's altar, Shafi'iyya, and placed a new steel-covered dome on the tomb of Muhammad. Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent wrote the names of the [[Ottoman sultans]] from [[Osman I|Osman Ghazi]] to himself ([[Suleiman the Magnificent|Kanuni]]) and revived the "Gate of Mercy" (''Bab ur-Rahme'') or the west gate. The pulpit that is used today was built under Sultan [[Murad III]] (r. 1574–1595).{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 1817, Sultan [[Mahmud II]] (r. 1808–1839) completed the construction of "the Purified Residence" (''Ar-Rawdah Al-Muṭahharah'' ({{Lang|ar|ٱلرَّوْضَة ٱلْمُطَهَّرَة}}) in [[Arabic]], and ''Ravza-i Mutahhara'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]) on the southeast side of the mosque, and covered with a new dome. The dome was painted green in 1837, and has been known as the "[[Green Dome]]" (''Kubbe-i Khadra'') ever since.<ref name="Syed" /> Sultan Mahmud II's successor, Sultan [[Abdülmecid I|Abdulmecid I]] ({{reign|1839|1861}}), took thirteen years to rebuild the mosque, beginning in 1849.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=64}} Red stone bricks were used as the main material in reconstruction of the mosque. The floor area of the mosque was increased by {{convert|1293|m2|ft2}}.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The entire mosque was reorganized except for the tomb of Muhammad, the three altars, the pulpit and the Suleymaniye minaret. On the walls, verses from the [[Quran]] were inscribed in [[Islamic calligraphy]]. On the northern side of the mosque, a ''[[madrasah]]'' was built for teaching the Qur'an.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=65}} An [[Wudu|ablution]] site was added to the north side. The prayer place on the south side was doubled in width, and covered with small domes. The interiors of the domes were decorated with verses from the Qur'an and couplets from the poem ''[[Qasida al-Burda|Kaside-i Bürde]]''. The ''[[Qibla|qibli]]'' wall was covered with polished tiles with lines inscribed from the Qur'an. The places of prayer and courtyard were paved with marble and red stone. The fifth minaret, ''Mecidiyye'', was built to the west of the surrounded area. Following the "Desert Tiger" [[Fakhri Pasha]]'s arrest by his own officers having resisted for 72 days after the end of the [[Siege of Medina]] on 10 January 1919, 550 years of Ottoman rule in the region came to an end.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==== Saudi insurgency (1805–1811) ====
When [[Saud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud|Saud bin Abdul-Aziz]] took Medina in 1805, his followers, the Wahhabis, [[Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|demolished nearly every tomb]] and dome in Medina to prevent their veneration,<ref name="Weston2008">{{cite book|author=Mark Weston|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&pg=PA102|title=Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2008|isbn=978-0-470-18257-4|pages=102–103}}</ref> except the Green Dome.<ref name="Behrens-AbouseifVernoit2006">{{cite book|author1=Doris Behrens-Abouseif|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4q58Af5zAoC&pg=PA22|title=Islamic art in the 19th century: tradition, innovation, and eclecticism|author2=Stephen Vernoit|publisher=BRILL|year=2006|isbn=978-90-04-14442-2|page=22}}</ref> As per the sahih hadiths, they considered the veneration of tombs and places, which were thought to possess supernatural powers, as an offence against ''[[tawhid]]'', and an act of ''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=2nd|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|volume=11|pages=40, 42|last=Peskes|first=Esther|title=Wahhābiyya|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]|year=2000|isbn=90-04-12756-9}}</ref> Muhammad's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornaments, but the dome was preserved either because of an unsuccessful attempt to demolish its complex and hardened structure, or because some time ago, [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], founder of the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] movement, wrote that he did not wish to see the dome destroyed.<ref name="Weston2008" />

=== Saudi rule and modern history (1925–present) ===
[[File:View of Masjid-e-Nabawi Gate 21, 22.jpg|thumb|View of Gates 21 and 22, as seen from the north. The gate with two minarets is ''Bāb Al-Malik Fahd'' ({{langx|ar|بَاب الْمَلِك فَهْد|lit=Gate of the [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]]}})]]

The Saudi takeover was characterized by events similar to those that took place in 1805, when the Prince Mohammed ibn Abdulaziz retook the city on 5 December 1925.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/shrines/baqi.htm|title=History of the Cemetery Of Jannat Al-Baqi|work=Al-Islam.org|date=23 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Weston2008b">{{cite book|author=Mark Weston|title=Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&pg=PA136|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-470-18257-4|page=136}}</ref><ref name="Cornell2007">{{cite book|author=Vincent J. Cornell|title=Voices of Islam: Voices of the spirit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dNKFLJVvNkC&pg=PA84|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98734-3|page=84}}</ref><ref name="Ernst2004">{{cite book|author=Carl W. Ernst|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA1173|year=2004|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=173–174}}</ref> After the foundation of the Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]] in 1932, the mosque underwent several major modifications. In 1951, [[Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Abdulaziz]] (1932–1953) ordered demolitions around the mosque to make way for new wings to the east and west of the prayer hall, which consisted of concrete columns with pointed arches. Older columns were reinforced with concrete and braced with copper rings at the top. The ''Suleymaniyya'' and ''Mecidiyye'' minarets were replaced with two minarets in [[Neo-Mamluk architecture|Mamluk revival]] style. Two additional minarets were erected to the northeast and northwest of the mosque. A library was built along the western wall to house historic Qurans and other religious texts.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=65}}<ref>{{cite web|title=New expansion of Prophet's Mosque ordered by king|date=30 June 2012|url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/new-expansion-prophet%E2%80%99s-mosque-ordered-king|publisher=Arab News|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

In 1974, [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]] added {{cvt|40,440|m2}} to the mosque.<ref name="Arabnews2012">{{cite news|title=Prophet's Mosque to accommodate two million worshippers after expansion|url=http://www.arabnews.com/prophet%E2%80%99s-mosque-accommodate-two-million-worshippers-after-expansion|access-date=27 November 2016|work=Arab News|date=26 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307071616/http://www.arabnews.com/prophet%E2%80%99s-mosque-accommodate-two-million-worshippers-after-expansion|archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> The area of the mosque was also expanded during the reign of [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]] in 1985. [[Bulldozer]]s were used to demolish buildings around the mosque.<ref>{{cite web|title=Expansion of the Prophet's Mosque in Madinah (3 of 8)|url=http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com/main/h202.htm|publisher=King Fahd Abdulaziz|access-date=19 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040815/http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com/main/h202.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In 1992, when it was completed, the mosque took over {{cvt|160,000|m2}} of space. Escalators and 27 courtyards were among the additions to the mosque.<ref>{{cite web|title=Expansion of the two Holy Mosques|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/2002-Winter/Expansion.htm|publisher=Saudi Embassy|access-date=19 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114653/http://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/2002-Winter/Expansion.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> A$6&nbsp;billion project to increase the area of the mosque was announced in September 2012. After completion, the mosque should accommodate between 1.6&nbsp;million to 2 million worshippers.<ref name="Arabnews2012" /> In March of the following year, the ''[[Saudi Gazette]]'' reported that demolition work had been mostly complete, including the demolition of ten hotels on the eastern side, in addition to houses and other utilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prophet's Mosque to house 1.6m after expansion|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/photos/prophet-mosque-house-1-6m-expansion-photo-093409538.html?nf=1|publisher=Saudi Gazette|access-date=19 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115254/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/photos/prophet-mosque-house-1-6m-expansion-photo-093409538.html?nf=1|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>