Editing Prosthesis (section)

==Types==
A person's prosthetic device should be designed and assembled to meet their individual appearance and functional needs. Depending on personal circumstances, co-morbidities, budget or health insurance coverage, and access to medical care, decisions may need to balance aesthetics and function. In addition, for some individuals, a myoelectric device, a body-powered device, or an activity-specific device may be appropriate options. The person's future goals and vocational aspirations and potential capabilities may help them choose between one or more devices.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

[[Craniofacial prosthesis|Craniofacial prostheses]]
include intra-oral and extra-oral prostheses. Extra-oral prostheses are further divided into hemifacial, auricular (ear), nasal, [[Orbital prosthesis|orbital]] and [[Ocular prosthesis|ocular]]. Intra-oral prostheses include [[dental prostheses]], such as [[dentures]], [[palatal obturator|obturators]], and [[dental implant]]s.

Prostheses of the neck include [[larynx]] [[Electrolarynx|substitutes]], [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]] and upper [[esophagus|esophageal]] replacements,

Some prostheses of the torso include [[breast prostheses]] which may be either single or bilateral, full breast devices or [[Nipple prosthesis|nipple prostheses]].

[[Penile implant|Penile prostheses]] are used to treat [[erectile dysfunction]], perform [[phalloplasty]] procedures in cisgender men, and to build a new penis in [[Sex reassignment surgery (female-to-male)|female-to-male gender reassignment surgeries]].

===Limb prostheses===
[[Limb (anatomy)|Limb]] prostheses include both upper- and lower-extremity prostheses.

'''Upper-extremity prostheses''' are used at varying levels of amputation: forequarter, shoulder disarticulation, transhumeral prosthesis, elbow disarticulation, transradial prosthesis, wrist disarticulation, full hand, partial hand, finger, partial finger. A transradial prosthesis is an artificial limb that replaces an arm missing below the elbow.
[[File:Army prosthetic.jpg|thumb|241x241px|An example of two upper-extremity prosthetics, one body-powered (right arm), and another [[Implantable myoelectric sensors|myoelectric]] (left arm)]]
Upper limb prostheses can be categorized in three main categories: Passive devices, Body Powered devices, and Externally Powered (myoelectric) devices. Passive devices can either be passive hands, mainly used for cosmetic purposes, or passive tools, mainly used for specific activities (e.g. leisure or vocational). An extensive overview and classification of passive devices can be found in a literature review by Maat ''et.al.''<ref name="Review Passive Prosthetic Hands">{{cite journal|last1=Maat|first1=Bartjan|last2=Smit|first2=Gerwin|last3=Plettenburg|first3=Dick|last4=Breedveld|first4=Paul|title=Passive prosthetic hands and tools: A literature review|journal=Prosthetics and Orthotics International|date=1 March 2017|doi=10.1177/0309364617691622|pmid=28190380|pmc=5810914|language=en|volume=42|issue=1|pages=66–74}}</ref> A passive device can be static, meaning the device has no movable parts, or it can be adjustable, meaning its configuration can be adjusted (e.g. adjustable hand opening). Despite the absence of active grasping, passive devices are very useful in bimanual tasks that require fixation or support of an object, or for gesticulation in social interaction. According to scientific data a third of the upper limb amputees worldwide use a passive prosthetic hand.<ref name="Review Passive Prosthetic Hands" /> Body Powered or cable-operated limbs work by attaching a harness and cable around the opposite shoulder of the damaged arm. A recent body-powered approach has explored the utilization of the user's breathing to power and control the prosthetic hand to help eliminate actuation cable and harness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nagaraja |first1=Vikranth H. |last2=da Ponte Lopes |first2=Jhonatan |last3=Bergmann |first3=Jeroen H. M. |title=Reimagining Prosthetic Control: A Novel Body-Powered Prosthetic System for Simultaneous Control and Actuation |journal=Prosthesis |date=September 2022 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=394–413 |doi=10.3390/prosthesis4030032|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nagaraja |first1=Vikranth H. |last2=Moulic |first2=Soikat Ghosh |last3=D’souza |first3=Jennifer V. |last4=Limesh |first4=M. |last5=Walters |first5=Peter |last6=Bergmann |first6=Jeroen H. M. |title=A Novel Respiratory Control and Actuation System for Upper-Limb Prosthesis Users: Clinical Evaluation Study |journal=IEEE Access |date=December 2022 |volume=10 |pages=128764–128778 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3226697|bibcode=2022IEEEA..10l8764N |s2cid=254339929 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Oxford researchers develop breathing-powered prosthetic hand |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-63972189 |work=BBC News |date=14 December 2022}}</ref> The third category of available prosthetic devices comprises myoelectric arms. This particular class of devices distinguishes itself from the previous ones due to the inclusion of a battery system. This battery serves the dual purpose of providing energy for both actuation and sensing components. While actuation predominantly relies on motor or pneumatic systems,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Belter |first1=Joseph T. |last2=Segil |first2=Jacob L. |last3=Dollar |first3=Aaron M. |last4=Weir |first4=Richard F. |date=2013 |title=Mechanical design and performance specifications of anthropomorphic prosthetic hands: A review |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2011.10.0188 |journal=The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=599–618 |doi=10.1682/jrrd.2011.10.0188 |pmid=24013909 |issn=0748-7711}}</ref> a variety of solutions have been explored for capturing muscle activity, including techniques such as [[Electromyography]], Sonomyography, Myokinetic, and others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scheme |first1=Erik |last2=Englehart |first2=Kevin |date=2011 |title=Electromyogram pattern recognition for control of powered upper-limb prostheses: State of the art and challenges for clinical use |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2010.09.0177 |journal=The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=643–659 |doi=10.1682/jrrd.2010.09.0177 |pmid=21938652 |s2cid=14883575 |issn=0748-7711}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nazari |first1=Vaheh |last2=Zheng |first2=Yong-Ping |date=2023-02-08 |title=Controlling Upper Limb Prostheses Using Sonomyography (SMG): A Review |journal=Sensors |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=1885 |doi=10.3390/s23041885 |issn=1424-8220 |pmc=9959820 |pmid=36850483 |bibcode=2023Senso..23.1885N |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clemente |first1=Francesco |last2=Ianniciello |first2=Valerio |last3=Gherardini |first3=Marta |last4=Cipriani |first4=Christian |date=2019-07-17 |title=Development of an Embedded Myokinetic Prosthetic Hand Controller |journal=Sensors |language=en |volume=19 |issue=14 |pages=3137 |doi=10.3390/s19143137 |issn=1424-8220 |pmc=6679265 |pmid=31319463 |bibcode=2019Senso..19.3137C |doi-access=free }}</ref> These methods function by detecting the minute electrical currents generated by contracted muscles during [[Arm|upper arm]] movement, typically employing electrodes or other suitable tools. Subsequently, these acquired signals are converted into gripping patterns or postures that the artificial hand will then execute.

In the prosthetics industry, a trans-radial prosthetic arm is often referred to as a "BE" or below elbow prosthesis.

'''Lower-extremity prostheses''' provide replacements at varying levels of amputation. These include [[Hip replacement|hip disarticulation]], transfemoral prosthesis, knee disarticulation, transtibial prosthesis, Syme's amputation, foot, partial foot, and toe. The two main subcategories of lower extremity prosthetic devices are trans-tibial (any amputation transecting the tibia bone or a congenital anomaly resulting in a tibial deficiency) and trans-femoral (any amputation transecting the femur bone or a congenital anomaly resulting in a femoral deficiency).{{Citation needed|reason=in many sciences they are referred to as foreceps|date=August 2019}}

A transfemoral prosthesis is an artificial limb that replaces a leg missing above the knee. Transfemoral amputees can have a very difficult time regaining normal movement. In general, a transfemoral amputee must use approximately 80% more energy to walk than a person with two whole legs.<ref name="four" /> This is due to the complexities in movement associated with the knee. In newer and more improved designs, hydraulics, carbon fiber, mechanical linkages, motors, computer microprocessors, and innovative combinations of these technologies are employed to give more control to the user. In the prosthetics industry, a trans-femoral prosthetic leg is often referred to as an "AK" or above the knee prosthesis.

A transtibial prosthesis is an artificial limb that replaces a leg missing below the knee. A transtibial amputee is usually able to regain normal movement more readily than someone with a transfemoral amputation, due in large part to retaining the knee, which allows for easier movement. Lower extremity prosthetics describe artificially replaced limbs located at the hip level or lower. In the prosthetics industry, a trans-tibial prosthetic leg is often referred to as a "BK" or below the knee prosthesis.

Prostheses are manufactured and fit by clinical prosthetists. Prosthetists are healthcare professionals responsible for making, fitting, and adjusting prostheses and for lower limb prostheses will assess both gait and prosthetic alignment. Once a prosthesis has been fit and adjusted by a prosthetist, a rehabilitation physiotherapist (called physical therapist in America) will help teach a new prosthetic user to walk with a leg prosthesis. To do so, the physical therapist may provide verbal instructions and may also help guide the person using touch or tactile cues. This may be done in a clinic or home. There is some research suggesting that such training in the home may be more successful if the treatment includes the use of a treadmill.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Highsmith|first1=M. Jason|last2=Andrews|first2=Casey R.|last3=Millman|first3=Claire|last4=Fuller|first4=Ashley|last5=Kahle|first5=Jason T.|last6=Klenow|first6=Tyler D.|last7=Lewis|first7=Katherine L.|last8=Bradley|first8=Rachel C.|last9=Orriola|first9=John J.|date=2016-09-16|title=Gait Training Interventions for Lower Extremity Amputees: A Systematic Literature Review|journal=Technology and Innovation|volume=18|issue=2–3|pages=99–113|doi=10.21300/18.2-3.2016.99|pmid=28066520|pmc=5218520}}</ref> Using a treadmill, along with the physical therapy treatment, helps the person to experience many of the challenges of walking with a prosthesis.

In the United Kingdom, 75% of lower limb amputations are performed due to inadequate [[Circulatory system|circulation]] (dysvascularity).<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Barr|first1=Steven|last2=Howe|first2=Tracey E.|date=2018|title=Prosthetic rehabilitation for older dysvascular people following a unilateral transfemoral amputation|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2018|issue=10|pages=CD005260|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005260.pub4|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6517199|pmid=30350430}}</ref> This condition is often associated with many other medical conditions ([[Comorbidity|co-morbidities]]) including [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] and [[Cardiovascular disease|heart disease]] that may make it a challenge to recover and use a prosthetic limb to regain mobility and independence.<ref name=":3" /> For people who have inadequate circulation and have lost a lower limb, there is insufficient evidence due to a lack of research, to inform them regarding their choice of prosthetic rehabilitation approaches.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Replacement surgery - Shoulder total hip and total knee replacement -- Smart-Servier (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|Types of prosthesis used for replacing joints in the human body]]
Lower extremity prostheses are often categorized by the level of amputation or after the name of a surgeon:<ref>{{Cite book |title=Atlas of limb prosthetics : surgical, prosthetic, and rehabilitation principles |date=2002 |publisher=Mosby Year Book |last1=Bowker|first1=John H.|last2=Michael|first2=John W.|others=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|isbn=978-0892032754 |edition= 2nd |location=St. Louis|pages=389, 413, 429, 479, 501, 535, 885 |oclc=54693136}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Partial foot amputations |last=Söderberg |first=Bengt |date=2001 |publisher=Centre for Partial Foot Amputees|isbn=978-9163107566 |edition= 2nd |location=Sweden |page=21 |oclc=152577368}}</ref>

* Transfemoral (Above-knee) 
* Transtibial (Below-knee)
* Ankle disarticulation (more commonly known as Syme's amputation)
* Knee disarticulation ''(also see [[knee replacement]])''
* Hip disarticulation, ''(also see [[hip replacement]])''
* Hemi-pelvictomy
* Partial foot amputations (Pirogoff, Talo-Navicular and Calcaneo-cuboid (Chopart), Tarso-metatarsal (Lisfranc), Trans-metatarsal, Metatarsal-phalangeal, Ray amputations, toe amputations).<ref name=":4" />
* Van Nes rotationplasty

====Prosthetic raw materials====
Prosthetic are made lightweight for better convenience for the amputee. Some of these materials include:
* Plastics:
** Polyethylene
** Polypropylene
** Acrylics
** Polyurethane
* Wood (early prosthetics)
* Rubber (early prosthetics)
* Lightweight metals:

** Aluminum
*Composites:
** Carbon fiber reinforced polymers<ref name="madehow.com"/>

Wheeled prostheses have also been used extensively in the rehabilitation of injured domestic animals, including dogs, cats, pigs, rabbits, and turtles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/animal-prostheses-amazing-menagerie/|title=An Amazing Menagerie of Animal Prostheses|website=[[Scientific American]] |date=March 2013 }}</ref>

=== Organ prostheses ===
Organ prostheses include [[Artificial heart|artificial hearts]], and [[Artificial kidney|artificial kidneys]].