Editing Protoplast (section)

==Enzymes for the preparation of protoplasts==
Cell walls are made of a variety of [[polysaccharide]]s.  Protoplasts can be made by degrading cell walls with a mixture of the appropriate polysaccharide-degrading [[enzyme]]s:
{| class="wikitable"
!Type of cell
!Enzyme
|-
| [[Plant cell]]s
|[[Cellulase]], [[pectinase]], [[xylanase]]<ref name="Davey-2005" />
|-
| [[Gram-positive]] bacteria 
| [[Lysozyme]], ''N,O''-diacetylmuramidase, [[lysostaphin]]<ref name="Lamb, AJ-2016" />
|-
| [[Fungus|Fungal]] cells
| [[Chitinase]]<ref name="Hoondal, GS-2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dahiya N, Tewari R, Hoondal GS | title = Biotechnological aspects of chitinolytic enzymes: a review | journal = Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 773–782 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16249876 | doi = 10.1007/s00253-005-0183-7 | s2cid = 852042 }}</ref>

|}
During and subsequent to digestion of the cell wall, the protoplast becomes very sensitive to [[osmosis|osmotic]] stress.  This means cell wall digestion and protoplast storage must be done in an [[Tonicity#Isotonicity|isotonic solution]] to prevent rupture of the [[plasma membrane]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}