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Public art
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== Characteristics of public art == [[File:Hannover nanas1.jpg|thumb|left|''Nanas'' by [[Niki de Saint Phalle]] in [[Hanover]], [[Germany]]]] Common characteristics of public art are public accessibility, public realm placement, community involvement, public process (including public funding); these works can be permanent or temporary. According to the curator and art/architecture historian, [[Mary Jane Jacob]], public art brings art closer to life.<ref name="Jacob">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=Mary Jane |title=Places with a Past |date=1992 |publisher=Rizzoli International Publications |location=New York |isbn=978-0847815104}}</ref> === Public accessibility: placement in public space/public realm === Public art is publicly accessible, both physically and visually.<ref name="Jacob" /><ref name="Doherty">{{cite book |editor-last1=Doherty |editor-first1=Claire |title=Situation |date=2009 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0262513050}}</ref> When public art is installed on privately owned property, general public access rights still exist.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kayden|first=Jerold S.|title=Privately Owned Public Space|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2000|isbn=0-471-36257-3|location=New York|pages=23}}</ref> Public art is characterized by [[site specific art|site specificity]], where the artwork is "created in response to the place and community in which it resides"<ref name=":3" /> and by the relationship between its content and the public.<ref name="knight">{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Cher Krause|url=https://archive.org/details/publicarttheoryp0000knig|title=Public Art: theory, practice and populism|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4051-5559-5|location=Oxford|url-access=registration}}</ref> Cher Krause Knight states that "art's publicness rests in the quality and impact of its exchange with audiences ... at its most public, art extends opportunities for community engagement but cannot demand particular conclusion," it introduces social ideas but leaves room for the public to come to their own conclusions.<ref name="knight" /> === Public process, public funding === [[Image:2004-09-07 1800x2400 chicago picasso.jpg|thumb|''[[Chicago Picasso]]'', designed 1962β1963, installed 1967]] Public art is often characterized by community involvement and collaboration.<ref name="Jacob" /><ref name="Finklepearl" /><ref name="knight" /> Public artists and organizations often work in conjunction with architects, fabricators/construction workers, community residents and leaders, designers, funding organizations, and others.<ref name="parc-afa">{{cite web |last1=Gude |first1=Olivia |title=Public Art Resource Center: Intertwining Practices of Public Art and Arts Education |url=https://www.americansforthearts.org/sites/default/files/1.10%20AFTA_PublicArtEssay4_web.pdf |publisher=Americans for the Arts Public Arts Resource Center (PARC) |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> Public art is often created in the context of formal "art in public places" programs that can include community arts education and art performance.<ref name="parc-afa" /> Such programs may be financed by government entities through [[Percent for art|Percent for Art]] initiatives.<ref name="Jacob" /><ref name="PA&PS">{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=David J. |title=Public Art and Public Space |journal=Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal |date=1996 |volume=79 |issue=1/2 |pages=41β57 |jstor=41178737 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41178737 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref> === Longevity === Some public art is planned and designed for stability and permanence.<ref name="Gevers" /> Its placement in, or exposure to, the physical public realm requires both safe and durable materials. Public artworks are designed to withstand the elements (sun, wind, water) as well as human activity. In the United States, unlike gallery, studio, or museum artworks, which can be transferred or sold, public art is legally protected by the [[Visual Artists Rights Act]] of 1990 (VARA) which requires an official deaccession process for sale or removal.<ref name="Finklepearl" />
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