Editing Puffbird (section)

==Taxonomy==
Puffbirds get their common name from their fluffy plumage.<ref name=flower2008>{{cite book|author1=Fowler, Murray E. |author2=Cubas, Zalmir S. |title=Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=2008|page=181|isbn=9780470376768|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wn3wfd0SQC&pg=PA181}}</ref> In Spanish, they have been nicknamed ''bobo'' ("dummy") from their propensity to sit motionless waiting for prey.<ref name="Hilty">{{cite book|last=Hilty|first=Steven L.|title=Birds of Venezuela|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2002|page=448|isbn=9781400834099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40mFwoALUFUC&pg=PA448}}</ref> American naturalist [[Thomas Horsfield]] defined the Bucconidae in 1821. The family was classified as part of the Piciformes by [[Alexander Wetmore]] in his work ''A Systematic Classification for the Birds of the World'' (1930, revised in 1951 and 1960).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wetmore|first=Alexander|date=1930|title=A Systematic Classification for the Birds of the World|journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum|volume=76|issue=2821|page=6|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27945944|doi=10.5479/si.00963801.2821}}</ref> The placement of the combined puffbird and jacamar lineage was in question, with some bone and muscle features suggesting they may be more closely related to the [[Coraciiformes]]. Analysis of [[nuclear DNA]] in a 2003 study placed them as [[sister group]] to the rest of the Piciformes, also showing that the groups had developed [[Dactyly#Zygodactyly|zygodactyl feet]] (two toes facing forward and two aft) before separating.<ref name=Johansson>{{cite journal|author1=Johansson, Ulf S.  |author2=Ericson, Per G.P. |name-list-style=amp |title= Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes ''sensu'' Wetmore 1960|doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x|url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520&%2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf|year=2003|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|volume=34|issue=2|page=185 }}</ref> Per Ericson and colleagues, in analysing [[genomic DNA]], confirmed that puffbirds and jacamars were sister groups and their place in Piciformes.<ref name=ericson2006a>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ericson | first1 = P. G. P. | last2 = Anderson | first2 = C. L. | last3 = Britton | first3 = T.| last4 = Elzanowski | first4 = A. | last5 = Johansson | first5 = U. S. | last6 = Källersjö | first6 = M. | last7 = Ohlson | first7 = J. I. | last8 = Parsons | first8 = T. J. | last9 = Zuccon | first9 = D. | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 | last10 = Mayr | first10 = G. | title = Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 543–547 | year = 2006 | pmid =  17148284| pmc =1834003 }}</ref> The lineage is sometimes elevated to order level as Galbuliformes,<ref name="Winkler">{{cite book| title=Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World |author= Hans Winkler, David A. Christie & David Nurney |publisher=A&C Black |year=2010 | isbn=9781408135044|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCLgskRFt7IC&q=puffbird+taxonomy&pg=PT23}}</ref> first proposed by Sibley and Ahlquist in 1990.<ref name="Feduccia">{{cite book|last=Feduccia|first=Alan|title=The Origin and Evolution of Birds|publisher=Yale University Press|date=1999|page=341|isbn=9780300078619|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QRKV7eSqmIC&pg=PA341}}</ref>

The [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] relationship between the puffbirds and the eight other families that make up the order Piciformes is shown in the cladogram below.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Kuhl | first1=H. | last2=Frankl-Vilches | first2=C. | last3=Bakker | first3=A. | last4=Mayr | first4=G. | last5=Nikolaus | first5=G. | last6=Boerno | first6=S.T. | last7=Klages | first7=S. | last8=Timmermann | first8=B. | last9=Gahr | first9=M. | date=2021 | title=An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=38 | issue=1 | pages=108–127 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa191 | doi-access=free | pmid=32781465 | pmc=7783168 | hdl=21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Stiller | first1=J. | display-authors=etal | year=2024 | title=Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes | journal=Nature | volume=629 | issue= 8013| pages=851–860 | doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1 | doi-access=free | pmid=38560995 | pmc=11111414 | bibcode=2024Natur.629..851S }}</ref> The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela C. Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the [[International Ornithological Committee]] (IOC).<ref>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=17 June 2024 }}</ref>
{{Clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=[[Piciformes]]
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Galbuli]]
   |1={{clade
      |1=[[Galbulidae]] – jacamars (18 species)
      |2='''Bucconidae''' – puffbirds (38 species)
       }}
   |label2=[[Pici (taxon)|Pici]]
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Picides]]
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Indicatoridae]] – honeyguides (16 species)
         |2=[[Picidae]] – woodpeckers (240 species)
         }}
      |label2=[[Ramphastides]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Megalaimidae]] – Asian barbets (35 species)
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Lybiidae]] – African barbets (42 species)
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Capitonidae]] – New World barbets (15 species)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Semnornithidae]] – toucan barbets (2 species)
                  |2=[[Ramphastidae]] – toucans (43 species)
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}


Molecular investigation of the Bucconidae in 2004 indicated that the nunlets (genus ''[[Nonnula]]'') diverged from the common ancestor of other puffbirds an estimated 25 million years ago, with the genus ''[[Malacoptila]]'' the next to branch off around 19.1 million years ago.<ref>Witt, C.C. (2004), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060205061250/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11122004-054504/unrestricted/Witt_dis.pdf Rates of Molecular Evolution and their Application to Neotropical Avian Biogeography]'', Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University</ref> A fossil right wing recovered from Lower Eocene beds in Lincoln County, Wyoming, was initially classified as a puffbird and given the name ''[[Primobucco|Primobucco mcgrewi]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brodkorb|first=Pierce|date=1970|title=An Eocene Puffbird from Wyoming|journal=Rocky Mountain Geology|volume=9|issue=1|pages=13–15|url=http://rmg.geoscienceworld.org/content/9/1/13.extract|access-date=2014-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807191843/http://rmg.geoscienceworld.org/content/9/1/13.extract|archive-date=2016-08-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> The discovery of more complete specimens, including twelve in 2010, shows that ''Primobucco'' was instead an early type of [[Coraciidae|roller]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ksepka, Daniel T. |author2=Clarke, Julia A. |title= ''Primobucco mcgrewi'' (Aves: Coracii) from the Eocene Green River Formation: New Anatomical Data from the Earliest Constrained Record of Stem Rollers |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology| volume=30|issue= 1  |year=2010 |pages=215–25|doi=10.1080/02724630903412414|doi-access=free|bibcode=2010JVPal..30..215K }}</ref>