Editing Pump action (section)

==History==
The first slide action patent, in both single-shot breech-loader and repeating magazine form, was issued to Lewis Jennings of America in 1849, although the pump was actuated via a ring trigger rather than a sliding handguard underneath the barrel.<ref>https://americansocietyofarmscollectors.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Volitional-rifles-origin-of-the-Winchester-lever-action-Michael-v127.pdf</ref> Alexander Bain of Britain patented a pump action harmonica gun in 1854 that was actuated via a sliding piece underneath the barrel.<ref name="Simpson2003">{{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Layne|title=Shotguns & Shotgunning|date=15 December 2003|publisher=Krause Publications|location=Iola, Wisconsin|isbn=0-87349-567-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/shotgunsshotgunn0000simp/page/23 23–24]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/shotgunsshotgunn0000simp/page/23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Great Britain, Patent Office|title=Abridgments of the Specifications Relating to Fire-arms and Other Weapons, Ammunition, and Accoutrements|date=1859|publisher=The Great Seal Patent Office|location=London, United Kingdom|pages=169|url-access=registration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1wWAAAAYAAJ&q=Bain&pg=PA163}}</ref> Another pump action firearm with a magazine was  the gun patented in America on the 22nd of May in 1866 by Josiah V. Meigs although the pump action was actuated via the trigger guard rather than a sliding handguard underneath the barrel.<ref>{{US-patent|54934A}}</ref> The first magazine-using pump-action firearm to operate using a sliding handguard underneath the barrel was the firearm patented by William Krutzsch of Britain on the 27th of August in 1866, a few months after Meigs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdW2p98R-cIC&dq=Krutzsch+1866+2206&pg=RA9-PA1|title=English Patents of Inventions, Specifications: 1866, 2187 - 2232|year=1867}}</ref> The first pump-action shotgun to be sold commercially and in substantial quantities was the [[Spencer 1882]].<ref>Blackmore, H. L. (2000). Hunting Weapons: From the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. USA: Dover Publications. {{ISBN|9780486409610}} p. 264</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1= Warner|editor-first1=Ken|date= 1985|title= Gun digest : 40th annual edition  |publisher= DBI Books|page=69|oclc=12529225}}</ref>

Many older pump-action shotguns can be fired faster than modern ones, as they often did not have a [[trigger disconnector]], and were capable of firing a new round as fast as the pump action was cycled, with the trigger held down continuously. This technique is called a [[slamfire]], and was often used in conjunction with the [[Winchester Model 1897|M1897]] and [[Winchester Model 1912|M1912]] shotguns in [[World War I]] trench warfare.<ref name="Adler2015"/>

Modern pump-action designs are a little slower than a [[semi-automatic shotgun]], but the pump-action offers greater flexibility in selection of [[shotshell]]s, allowing the shooter to mix different types of loads and for using low-power or specialty loads. Semi-automatic shotguns must use some of the energy of each round fired to cycle their actions, meaning that they must be loaded with shells powerful enough to reliably cycle. The pump-action avoids this limitation. In addition, like all manual action guns, pump-action guns are inherently more reliable than semi-automatic guns under adverse conditions, such as exposure to dirt, sand, or climatic extremes. Thus, until recently, military combat shotguns were almost exclusively pump-action designs.<ref name="Steier2013">{{cite book|last=Steier|first=David|title=Guns 101: A Beginner's Guide to Buying and Owning Firearms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfcsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT73|date=13 December 2013|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1-62636-971-9|pages=73–74}}</ref>