Editing Pupa (section)

==Position in life cycle==
The pupal stage follows the [[larva]]l stage, or in some cases a [[prepupa]]l stage, and precedes [[adult]]hood (''[[imago]]'') in insects with complete metamorphosis. The pupa is a non-feeding, usually [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]] stage, or highly active as in mosquitoes. It is during the pupal stage that the adult structures of the insect are formed while the larval structures are broken down. The adult structures grow from [[imaginal disc]]s.<ref name="AldazEscudero2010">{{cite journal |last1=Aldaz |first1=Silvia |last2=Escudero |first2=Luis M. |title=Imaginal discs |journal=Current Biology |date=2010 |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=R429–R431 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.010|pmid=20504747 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010CBio...20.R429A }}</ref>

===Duration===
The pupal stage may last weeks, months, or even years, depending on temperature and the species of insect.<ref>Nielsen, Erik Tetens, and J. St Haeger. "Pupation and emergence in ''Aedes taeniorhynchus'' (Wied.)." ''Bulletin of Entomological Research'' 45.4 (1954): 757–768.</ref><ref>Elliott, J. M. "Temperature‐related fluctuations in the timing of emergence and pupation of Windermere alder‐flies over 30 years." ''Ecological Entomology'' 21.3 (1996): 241–247.</ref> For example, the pupal stage lasts eight to fifteen days in [[monarch butterflies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://monarchlab.org/biology-and-research/biology-and-natural-history/breeding-life-cycle/life-cycle/#pupa|title=Monarch Life Cycle|last=University of Minnesota Extension|first=Monarch Lab|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172311/https://monarchlab.org/biology-and-research/biology-and-natural-history/breeding-life-cycle/life-cycle/#pupa|url-status=dead}}</ref> The pupa may enter [[dormancy]] or [[diapause]] until the appropriate season to emerge as an adult insect. In [[temperate]] climates pupae usually stay dormant during winter, while in the [[tropics]] pupae usually do so during the [[dry season]].

[[File:Hercus fontinalis eclosion.jpg|thumb|Adult ''[[Hercus fontinalis]]'' emerging from cocoon]]
[[File:Papilio dardanus emerging.ogv|thumb|Eclosion of ''[[Papilio dardanus]]'']]

===Emergence===
Insects emerge (eclose) from pupae by splitting the pupal case. Most butterflies emerge in the morning. In mosquitoes, the emergence is in the evening or night. In fleas, the process is triggered by vibrations that indicate the possible presence of a suitable host.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} Prior to emergence, the adult inside the pupal [[exoskeleton]] is termed ''pharate''. Once the pharate adult has eclosed from the pupa, the empty pupal exoskeleton is called an ''[[exuvia]]''; in most [[hymenopteran]]s (ants, bees and wasps) the exuvia is so thin and membranous that it becomes "crumpled" as it is shed. Measuring the timing of this emergence is of interest to chronobiologists because the process is regulated by [[circadian clock]]s in many species, necessitating different [[Eclosion assay|assays]] to measure eclosion timing.

===Pupal mating===
[[File:Mottled Emigrant (Catopsilia pyranthe) mating with emerging butterfly from pupa in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9437.jpg|thumb|right|Mating in pierid ''[[Catopsilia pyranthe]]'' of male with newly emerged female.]]<!--As close as I could get of pupal mating-->
In a few taxa of the Lepidoptera, especially ''[[Heliconius]]'', pupal mating is an extreme form of reproductive strategy in which the adult male mates with a female pupa about to emerge, or with the newly moulted female; this is accompanied by other actions such as capping of the reproductive system of the female with the [[Mating plug|sphragis]], denying access to other males, or by exuding an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone.<ref name="Preston-Mafham & Preston-Mafham (1993)">{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Land Invertebrate Behaviour |last1=Preston–Mafham |first1=Rod |last2=Preston–Mafham |first2=Ken |year=1993 |publisher=MIT Press |edition=Illustrated |isbn=978-0-262-16137-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofla0000pres/page/113 113] |access-date=16 November 2010 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofla0000pres|url-access=registration }}</ref><ref name="Boggs, Watt & Ehrlich (2003)">{{cite book|title=Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight |last=Boggs|first=Carol L. |author2=Watt, Ward B. |author3=Ehrlich, Paul R.|year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-06318-8|pages=739|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQkBqF3vQ8sC |edition=Illustrated|access-date=16 November 2010}}</ref>