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Pyotr Stolypin
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==Early life and career== Stolypin was born at [[Dresden]] in the [[Kingdom of Saxony]], on 14 April 1862, and was baptized on 24 May in the [[St. Simeon of the Wonderful Mountain Church|Russian Orthodox Church]] in that city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WebCite query result |url=http://www.serednikovo.com/history/stolypin_p_a/stolypin_p_a.html |website=www.webcitation.org |access-date=2016-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112225701/http://www.serednikovo.com/history/stolypin_p_a/stolypin_p_a.html |archive-date=12 January 2009}}</ref> His father, Arkady Dmitrievich Stolypin (1821–99), was a Russian envoy at the time. Stolypin's family was prominent in the [[Russian aristocracy]], his forebears having served the tsars since the 16th century, and as a reward for their service had accumulated huge estates in several provinces. His father was a general in the Russian artillery, the governor of [[Eastern Rumelia]] and commandant of the [[Kremlin]] Palace guard.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} He was married twice. His second wife, Natalia Mikhailovna Stolypina (''née'' [[Gorchakov]]a; 1827–89), was the daughter of Prince [[Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov]], the Commanding general of the Russian infantry during the [[Crimean War]] and later the [[Namiestnik of Poland|viceroy]] of [[Congress Poland]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Pyotr grew up on the family estate ''Serednikovo'' ({{langx|ru|Середниково}}) in [[Solnechnogorsky District]], once inhabited by [[Mikhail Lermontov]], near [[Moscow Governorate]]. In 1879 the family moved to [[Oryol]]. Stolypin and his brother Aleksandr studied at the Oryol Boys College where he was described by his teacher, B. Fedorova, as 'standing out among his peers for his rationalism and character.'<ref>{{Cite book|title = 'I believe in Russia': a Biography of Petr Stolypin|last = Fedorovo|first = B.G.|publisher = Limbus Press|year = 2002}}</ref> [[File:Serednikovo - main house (August, 2012) by shakko 01.jpg|thumb|Serednikovo]] [[File:Stolypin 1876.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Photo of 14-year-old Stolypin]] In 1881 Stolypin studied agriculture at [[St. Petersburg University]] where one of his teachers was [[Dmitri Mendeleev]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Vospominaniya o moem otse P.A. Stolypina|last = Bok|first = M.P.|publisher = New York: Chekhov publishers|year = 1953}}</ref> He entered government service upon graduating in 1885, writing his thesis on tobacco growing in the south of Russia. It is unclear if he joined the [[Ministry of State Property]] or Internal Affairs. In 1884, Stolypin married Olga Borisovna von [[:File:Neidhart Siebmacher209 - Ulm.jpg|Neidhart]] whose family was of a similar standing to Stolypin's.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.serednikovo.com/history/stolypin_p_a/stolypin_p_a.html |title=Stolypin, Pyotr Aleksandrovich |access-date=2016-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112225701/http://www.serednikovo.com/history/stolypin_p_a/stolypin_p_a.html |archive-date=12 January 2009}}</ref> They married whilst Stolypin was still a student, an uncommon occurrence at the time. The marriage began in tragic circumstances: Olga had been engaged to Stolypin's brother, Mikhail, who died in a duel. The marriage was a happy one, devoid of scandal. The couple had five daughters and one son.<ref>Blumberg, Arnold. ''Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History'', p. 302. Greenwood Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-313-28751-1}}.</ref> ===Lithuania=== Stolypin spent much of his life and career in [[Lithuania]], then administratively known as [[Northwestern Krai]] of the Russian Empire. [[File:Kalnaberžės Dvaras.jpg|thumb|left|Stolypin's favourite manor house in Kalnaberžė]] From 1869, Stolypin spent his childhood years in [[:lt:Kalnaberžė|Kalnaberžė]] manor (now [[Kėdainiai district]] of [[Lithuania]]), built by his father, a place that remained his favorite residence for the rest of life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolos.lt/index.php?Itemid=28&id=202&option=com_content&task=view|title=kolos.lt – Reliģija un reliģiskie uzskati|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> In 1876, the Stolypin family moved to [[Vilnius|Vilna]] (now Vilnius), where he attended grammar school. Stolypin served as marshal of the [[Kovno Governorate]] (now [[Kaunas]], Lithuania) between 1889 and 1902. This public service gave him an inside view of local needs and allowed him to develop administrative skills.<ref>{{Cite book|title = A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution.|last = Figes |first = Orlando |publisher = The Bodley Head |year = 2017|isbn = 978-1-847-92451-3 |pages = 223}}</ref> His thinking was influenced by the single-family farmstead system of the Northwestern Krai, and he later sought to introduce the land reform based on private ownership throughout the Russian Empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kultura.lrytas.lt/-12614956691260089535-vilniuje-%C4%AFam%C5%BEintas-rus%C5%B3-reformatoriaus-p-stolypino-atminimas.htm|title=Vilniuje įamžintas rusų reformatoriaus P.Stolypino atminimas|publisher=[[Lrytas.lt]]|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> Stolypin's service in Kovno was deemed a success by the Russian government. He was promoted seven times, culminating in his promotion to the rank of [[State Council (Russian Empire)|state councilor]] in 1901. Four of his daughters were also born during this period; his daughter Maria recalled: "this was the most calm period [of] his life".<ref name=":0" /> In May 1902 Stolypin was appointed governor in [[Grodno Governorate]], where he was the youngest person ever appointed to this position.
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