Editing Pyroclastic surge (section)

== Base surge  ==
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Base surges were first recognized after the [[Taal Volcano]] eruption of 1965 in the Philippines, where a visiting [[volcanologist]] from [[USGS]] recognized the phenomenon as congruent to base surge in [[nuclear explosion]]s.<ref>See:
*  Moore, James G. (1967) "Base surge in recent volcanic eruptions", ''Bulletin Volcanologique'', 2nd series, '''30''' :  337–363.
*  Cas, R.A.F and Wright, J.V., ''Volcanic Successions Modern and Ancient:  A geological approach to processes, products and successions'' (London, England:  Chapman & Hall, 1988), [https://books.google.com/books?id=ddKUBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 p. 114.]</ref> Very similar to the ground-hugging blasts associated with nuclear explosions, these surges are expanding rings of a turbulent mixture of fragments and gas that surge outward at the base of explosion columns. Base surges are more likely generated by the interaction of magma and water or [[phreatomagmatic eruption]]s.<ref>Becker, Robert John, and Becker, Barbara (1998). "Volcanoes", p.133. J.H. Freeman and Company, US. {{ISBN|0-7167-2440-5}}.</ref>  They develop from the interaction of magma (often basaltic) and water to form thin wedge-shaped deposits characteristic of [[maar]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.geo.umass.edu/courses/volcanology/Pyroclastic%202.pdf|title = Pyroclastic Flows and Surges|last = Riley|first = CM|date = |access-date = 10 August 2022}}</ref>