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== Use == === Canada === {{Main|Crown corporations of Canada}} In Canada, quangos are referred to as '[[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown Corporations]]' or simply 'Crown corps'. As of May 2021 there were 45 Crown corps owned by the Canadian federal government, however many more are owned by each of the provincial governments. Notably electricity providers such as the '[[SaskPower|Saskatchewan Power Corporation]]' a.k.a. SaskPower owned by the province of Saskatchewan and '[[Manitoba Hydro|Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board]]' a.k.a. Manitoba Hydro owned by the province of [[Manitoba]]. ==== Saskatchewan ==== [[Saskatchewan]] is notable for the ubiquity of provincial crown corps with most styled with the prefix ''Sask''- followed by the primary service. The larger Saskatchewan Crown corps have their own Saskatchewan minister with all Saskatchewan Crown corps owned by the Crown Investment Corporation of Saskatchewan which in turn is owned by the provincial government. Some of the most notable Saskatchewan Crown corps are as follows: * [[SaskTel]] (Saskatchewan Telecommunications Holding Corporation) providing telecommunications. Notable for the last remaining government owned incumbent telephone provider in Canada. * [[SaskPower]] (Saskatchewan Power Corporation) providing electricity. * [[SaskEnergy]] (SaskEnergy Incorporated) providing natural gas. * [[SaskWater]] (Saskatchewan Water Corporation) providing [[Drinking water|potable water]] and sewage services to certain communities. === Ireland === In 2006, there were 832 quangos in the Republic of Ireland β 482 at national and 350 at local level β with a total of 5,784 individual appointees and a combined annual budget of β¬13 billion.<ref>According to a survey carried out by the [[think tank]] Tasc in 2006. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110222003631/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article616806.ece Focus: What's wrong with the quangos?]" β ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' newspaper article, 29 October 2006</ref> The Irish majority party, [[Fine Gael]], had promised to eliminate 145 quangos should they be the governing party in the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGee |first1=Harry |title='Quango cull': Audacious promises of 2011 amounted to little |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/quango-cull-audacious-promises-of-2011-amounted-to-little-1.2929535 |access-date=17 September 2024 |publisher=The Irish Times}}</ref> Since coming to power they have reduced the overall number of quangos by 17. This reduction also included agencies which the former government had already planned to remove. === New Zealand === In New Zealand, quangos are referred to as '[[Crown entity|Crown Entities]]', with the shift occurring in the 1980s during a period of [[Neoliberalism|neoliberalisation]] of the state sector.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|title=What are Crown entities?|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/crown-entities/page-1|access-date=2021-09-27|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en}}</ref> In 1996, there were an estimated 310 quangos in New Zealand, and an additional 2690 school Boards of Trustees (similar to the American model of [[Board of education|boards of education]]).<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Wistrich|first=Enid|title=Quangos in New Zealand|date=1999|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27027-9_7|work=Quangos, Accountability and Reform: The Politics of Quasi-Government|pages=84β92|editor-last=Flinders|editor-first=Matthew V.|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-27027-9_7|isbn=978-1-349-27027-9|access-date=2021-09-27|editor2-last=Smith|editor2-first=Martin J.|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Other quangos from 1996 include: "...63 Crown Health Enterprises, 39 tertiary education institutions, 21 Business development boards and 9 Crown Research Institutes. But there were also 71 single crown entities with services ranging from regulatory (e.g. Accounting Standards Review Board, Takeovers Panel) to quasi-judicial (e.g. Police Complaints Authority, Race Relations Conciliator), to the arts (e.g. New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, NZ Film Commission), to social welfare (e.g. Housing Corporation of NZ) and to substantial enterprises (e.g. Auckland International Airport Ltd)."<ref name=":0" /> By 2003, the number of quangos had increased to an estimated 400 (excluding Board of Trustees), with more than 3,000 people sitting on governance boards that were appointed by successive governments.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Newman|first=Muriel|title=The Great Quango Hunt|url=https://www.nzcpr.com/the-great-quango-hunt/|access-date=2021-09-27|website=nzcpr.com|language=en-US}}</ref> This appointment of people to governance boards has been widely criticised by political parties and political commentators as a form of [[cronyism]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2008|title=mccully.co.nz β 25 July 2008 |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0807/S00480.htm|access-date=2021-09-27|website=scoop.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Articles About ACC|url=https://accforum.org/forums/index.php?/topic/11-articles-about-acc/page__st__60|access-date=2021-09-27|website=ACCforum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Editorial: This one's not a quango, it's a good example|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/politics/editorial-this-ones-not-a-quango-its-a-good-example/IMV7HLYKNAQ6D3DNSY5OYVGUQY/|access-date=2021-09-27|website=The New Zealand Herald|date=4 June 2011 |language=en-NZ}}</ref> In 2010, there were 2,607 crown entities (including Board of Trustees) with annual expenditure of $32billion in 2009/2010.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|title=Crown entities|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/crown-entities|access-date=2021-09-27|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en}}</ref> === United Kingdom === {{see also|Non-departmental public body|2010 UK quango reforms}} Despite a 1979 "commitment" from the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] to curb the growth of non-departmental bodies, their numbers grew rapidly throughout that party's time in power during the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Watts|first=Duncan|title=Understanding US/UK Government and Politics|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2003|location=Manchester|pages=164}}</ref> One UK example is the [[Forestry Commission]], which is a non-ministerial government department responsible for forestry in [[England]]. The Cabinet Office 2009 report on non-departmental public bodies found that there were 766 NDPBs sponsored by the UK government. The number had been falling: there were 827 in 2007 and 790 in 2008. The number of NDPBs had fallen by over 10% since 1997. Staffing and expenditure of NDPBs had increased. They employed 111,000 people in 2009 and spent Β£46.5 billion, of which Β£38.4 billion was directly funded by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/key-issues-for-the-new-parliament/decentralisation-of-power/quangos/|title=Quangos|last=Gay|first=Oonagh|publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] Research|access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> === United States === Use of the term quango is less common in the United States, although many US bodies, including [[government-sponsored enterprise]]s, operate in the same fashion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Watts|first=Duncan|title=Understanding US/UK Government and Politics|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2003|location=Manchester|pages=321}}</ref> [[Paul Krugman]] has stated that the US [[Federal Reserve]] is, effectively, "what the British call a quango... Its complex structure divides power between the federal government and the private banks that are its members, and in effect gives substantial autonomy to a governing board of long-term appointees."<ref>Krugman, Paul R. (1997). ''The Age of Diminished Expectations: U.S. Economic Policy in the 1990s'', MIT Press, p. 99.</ref> Other U.S.-based organizations that fit the original definition of quangos include the [[National Center for Missing and Exploited Children]] (NCMEC), the [[National Endowment for Democracy]], the [[Federal National Mortgage Association]] (Fannie Mae) and the [[Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation]] (Freddie Mac). By the broader definition now used in the United Kingdom, there are hundreds of [[List of federal agencies in the United States|federal agencies]] that might be classed as quangos. === Indonesia === The [[Indonesian Ulema Council]] is considered a quango for its status as an independent, mass organization-like public organization but supported and financed by the state while keeping its status as independent organization outside the Indonesian state organizational system in other side.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indrayana |first=Denny |date=2016-12-22 |editor-last=Sodikin |editor-first=Amir |title=Fatwa MUI, Hukum Positif, dan Hukum Aspiratif |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016/12/22/17262341/fatwa-mui-hukum-positif-dan-hukum-aspiratif |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Arifianto |first=Alexander R |date=2020-12-08 |title=Indonesian Ulema Council edges closer to the centre of power |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/12/08/indonesian-ulema-council-edges-closer-to-the-centre-of-power/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=East Asia Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abdillah |first1=Ali |last2=Novianto |first2=Rico |date=2019 |title=Lembaga Quasi non Governmental Organization (Quango) Dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia: Majelis Ulama Indonesia |url=http://jhp.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/1913 |journal=Jurnal Hukum Dan Pembangunan |language=id |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=110β136 |doi=10.21143/jhp.vol49.no1.1913|s2cid=159286557 |doi-access=free }}</ref> As a quango, MUI is empowered to issue religious edicts ([[fatwa]]s) comparable to state laws which are binding upon the Indonesian Muslim population and can exert influence upon state policies, politics, and the economy due to its status and prestige.<ref name=":2" />
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