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Quechuan languages
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==History== {{main|Classical Quechua}} The Quechua [[linguistic homeland]] may have been Central Peru. It has been speculated that it may have been used in the [[Chavín culture|Chavín]] and [[Wari culture|Wari]] civilizations.<ref>Adelaar, Willem F. H.. Chapter Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-typological Perspective. Germany, De Gruyter, 2012.</ref> Quechua had already expanded across wide ranges of the central Andes long before the expansion of the [[Inca Empire]]. The Inca were one among many peoples in present-day Peru who already spoke a form of Quechua, which in the [[Cusco|Cuzco]] region particularly has been heavily influenced by [[Aymara language|Aymara]], hence some of the characteristics that still distinguish the Cuzco form of Quechua today. Diverse Quechua regional dialects and languages had already developed in different areas, influenced by local languages, before the Inca Empire expanded and further promoted Quechua as the official language of the Empire. After the [[Spanish conquest of Peru]] in the 16th century, Quechua continued to be used widely by the indigenous peoples as the "common language". It was officially recognized by the Spanish administration, and many Spaniards learned it in order to communicate with local peoples.<ref>{{cite book | title=De la etnohistoria a la historia en los Andes : 51o Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Santiago de Chile, 2003 | editor1=Fisher, John | editor2=Cahill, David Patrick | publisher=Congreso Internacional de Americanistas | year=2008 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFH0Z5_HKVEC&q=%22lenguas+generales%22+peru+Virreinato&pg=PA295 | page=295 | isbn=9789978227398 | access-date=2020-11-07 | archive-date=2024-05-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526070611/https://books.google.com/books?id=IFH0Z5_HKVEC&q=%22lenguas+generales%22+peru+Virreinato&pg=PA295#v=snippet&q=%22lenguas%20generales%22%20peru%20Virreinato&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> The clergy of the [[Catholic Church]] adopted Quechua to use as the language of [[evangelism|evangelization]]. The oldest written records of the language are by missionary [[Domingo de Santo Tomás]], who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540. He published his ''Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú'' (Grammar or Art of the General Language of the Indians of the Kingdoms of Peru) in 1560.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Torero|first=Alfredo|title=América Latina en sus lenguas indígenas|publisher=Monte Ávila|year=1983|isbn=92-3-301926-8|place=Caracas|chapter=La familia lingûística quechua|author-link=Alfredo Torero}} </ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Torero|first=Alfredo|title=El quechua y la historia social andina|publisher=Universidad Ricardo Palma, Dirección Universitaria de Investigación|year=1974|isbn=978-603-45-0210-9|place=Lima|author-link=Alfredo Torero}}</ref> Given its use by the Catholic missionaries, the range of Quechua continued to expand in some areas. In the late 18th century, colonial officials ended the administrative and religious use of Quechua. They banned it from public use in Peru after the [[Túpac Amaru II]] rebellion of indigenous peoples.<ref name=adelaar167/> The Crown banned "loyal" pro-Catholic texts in Quechua, such as Garcilaso de la Vega's ''[[Comentarios Reales de los Incas|Comentarios Reales]].''<ref>Aybar cited by Hart, Stephen M. ''A Companion to Latin American Literature,'' p. 6.</ref> Despite a brief revival of the language immediately after the Latin American nations achieved independence in the 19th century, the prestige of Quechua had decreased sharply. Gradually its use declined so that it was spoken mostly by indigenous people in the more isolated and conservative rural areas. Nevertheless, in the 21st century, Quechua language speakers number roughly 7 million people across South America,<ref name=":2" /> more than any other indigenous language family in the Americas. As a result of [[Incas in Central Chile|Inca expansion into Central Chile]], there were bilingual Quechua-[[Mapuche language|Mapudungu]] [[Mapuche]] in Central Chile at the time of the [[Conquest of Chile|Spanish arrival]].<ref name="Hernadez" /><ref name="Telles43">{{cite book |last=Téllez |first=Eduardo |title=Los Diaguitas: Estudios |year=2008 |publisher=Ediciones Akhilleus |location=[[Santiago]], Chile |isbn=978-956-8762-00-1 |language=es|page=43}}<!--|access-date=August 27, 2019 --></ref> It has been argued that Mapuche, Quechua, and Spanish coexisted in [[Central Chile]], with significant bilingualism, during the 17th century.<ref name="Hernadez">{{cite journal |last1=Hernández |first1=Arturo |title=Influencia del mapuche en el castellano |journal=Revista Documentos Lingüísticos y Literarios UACh |date=1 January 1981 |issue=7 |url=http://www.revistadll.cl/index.php/revistadll/article/view/73 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526070637/https://revistadll.cl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Alongside Mapudungun, Quechua is the indigenous language that has influenced [[Chilean Spanish]] the most.<ref name="Hernadez" /> Quechua-Aymara and mixed Quechua-Aymara-[[Mapuche language|Mapudungu]] toponymy can be found as far south as [[Osorno Province]] in Chile (latitude 41° S).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Onomástica indígena de Chile: Toponimia de Osorno, Llanquihue y Chiloé |last=Ramírez Sánchez |first=Carlos |publisher=[[Universidad Austral de Chile]] |year=1995 |edition=2nd |location=[[Valdivia]] |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name=indag2021>{{Cite journal |title=Indagaciones en torno al significado del oro en la cultura mapuche. Una exploración de fuentes y algo más |journal=[[Estudios Atacameños]] |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-10432021000100309&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en |last1=Payàs Puigarnau |first1=Getrudis |date=2021-12-15 |volume=67 |last2=Villena Araya |first2=Belén |doi=10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0028 |s2cid=244279716 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Inquiries on the Meaning of Gold in Mapuche Culture. A review of sources and something more |access-date=2023-04-25 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025834/https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-10432021000100309&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Toponimia indígena de las provincias de Osorno, Llanquihue y Chiloé |last=Ramírez Sanchez |first=Carlos |publisher=Marisa Cuneo Ediciones |year=1988 |location=Valdivia |pages=28 |language=Spanish}}</ref> In 2017 the first thesis defense done in Quechua in Europe was done by Peruvian [[:es:Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez|Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez]] at [[Pablo de Olavide University]] ([[Sevilla]]).{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} The same year [[Pablo Landeo]] wrote the first novel in Quechua without a Spanish translation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americasquarterly.org/fulltextarticle/why-a-quechua-novelist-doesnt-want-his-work-translated/|title = Why a Quechua Novelist Doesn't Want His Work Translated |website=Americas Quarterly |date=October 5, 2016 |last=Londoño |first=Vanessa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031183137/https://americasquarterly.org/fulltextarticle/why-a-quechua-novelist-doesnt-want-his-work-translated/ |archive-date= Oct 31, 2023 }}</ref> A Peruvian student, [[:es:Roxana Quispe Collantes|Roxana Quispe Collantes]] of the [[University of San Marcos]], completed and defended the first thesis in the language group in 2019; it concerned the works of poet [[:es:Andrés Alencastre Gutiérrez|Andrés Alencastre Gutiérrez]] and it was also the first non-Spanish native language thesis done at that university.<ref name=CollynsCollantes>{{cite web|author=Collyns, Dan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/peru-student-roxana-quispe-collantes-thesis-inca-language-quechua|title=Student in Peru makes history by writing thesis in the Incas' language|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2019-10-27|access-date=2019-10-28|archive-date=2024-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526070611/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/peru-student-roxana-quispe-collantes-thesis-inca-language-quechua|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, there are different initiatives that promote Quechua in the Andes and across the world: many universities offer Quechua classes, a community-based organization such as [[Elva Ambía]]'s Quechua Collective of New York promote the language, and governments are training interpreters in Quechua to serve in healthcare, justice, and bureaucratic facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://redaccion.lamula.pe/2018/02/20/el-problema-es-que-no-puedas-acceder-a-tus-derechos-solo-por-ser-hablante-de-una-lengua-originaria/albertoniquen/|title = "El problema es que no puedas acceder a tus derechos solo por ser hablante de una lengua originaria"}}</ref>
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