Editing Quezon City (section)

== History ==
===Commonwealth era===
====Initial plans for a new capital city====
[[File:Manuel L. Quezon portrait.jpg|thumb|left|[[Manuel L. Quezon]], the second [[president of the Philippines]] and the visionary behind the creation of Quezon City, is the namesake of the city.]]
Before the creation of Quezon City, the land on where it would eventually rise was part of several towns such as [[Caloocan]], [[Marikina|Mariquina (Marikina)]], [[Rodriguez, Rizal|Montalban]] (renamed as Rodriguez), [[Pasig]], [[San Mateo, Rizal|San Mateo]], and [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan del Monte]] (renamed as San Juan), all under [[Manila (province)|Manila]] province and, beginning in 1901, [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] province.

In the 1930s, Manila's urban problems were apparent and problematic.<ref name="CorruptioninQC">{{cite web |title=Quezon's City: Corruption and contradiction in Manila's prewar suburbia, 1935–1941 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/22505B43861B5BB45FE261C348A1FDDF/S0022463416000497a.pdf/div-class-title-quezon-s-city-corruption-and-contradiction-in-manila-s-prewar-suburbia-1935-1941-div.pdf |last1=Pante |first1=Michael D. |website=Cambridge.org |date=February 2017 |access-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724143103/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/22505B43861B5BB45FE261C348A1FDDF/S0022463416000497a.pdf/div-class-title-quezon-s-city-corruption-and-contradiction-in-manila-s-prewar-suburbia-1935-1941-div.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It lacked public housing, where thousands of the city's residents lived in congested informal settler communities, especially in the central districts of [[Binondo]], [[Intramuros]], [[Quiapo, Manila|Quiapo]], [[San Nicolas, Manila|San Nicolas]] and [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]].<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> There were also problems with sanitation and traffic congestion.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The rise of slums in Manila gave rise to the development of its suburbs outside the city limits in the municipalities of [[Pasay]], [[Mandaluyong|San Felipe Neri]] (renamed as Mandaluyong), [[San Francisco del Monte]], [[Makati]], and [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan del Monte]].<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> These towns became favorable to the upper and middle-class who wanted to escape the congested city but had economic links to it.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

[[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Manuel L. Quezon]], aware of the problems besetting Manila, initiated housing projects called ''Barrio Obrero'' (''Worker's Community'').<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> These communities were established in various places in Manila such as [[Rizal Avenue|Avenida Rizal]], [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Sta. Cruz]] and Barrio Vitas, [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]].<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> However, the project failed miserably and these communities became slum areas.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

Alejandro Roces Sr., a prominent Filipino author, was said to be influential in Quezon's vision to establish a new city.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Quezon dreamed of a city where the common people could live and thrive.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Roces suggested that a sizeable tract of land be purchased for this purpose.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> However, the government had no available fund except for {{Philippine peso|3 million|link=yes}} in the hands of the National Development Company (NDC).<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

[[File:Tomas Morato.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Tomas Morato]], the first Mayor of Quezon city]]
In order to make Quezon's dream a reality and to mobilize funds for the land purchase, the People's Homesite Corporation (PHC) was created on October 14, 1938, as a subsidiary of NDC, with an initial capital of {{Philippine peso|2 million|link=yes}}.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Roces was the chairman of the Board of PHC, and they immediately acquired the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family at a cost of 5 centavos per square meter.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> PHC conducted topographical and subdivision surveys, and then subdivided the lots and sold them to the target buyers at an affordable price.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Its target users and beneficiaries were Manila's working class,<ref>{{cite book |title=A Capital City at the Margins: Quezon City and Urbanization in the Twentieth-Century Philippines |url=https://www.academia.edu/40371139 |last1=Pante |first1=Michael |date=January 2019 |publisher=Academia |access-date=August 7, 2021 |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826165212/https://www.academia.edu/40371139 |url-status=live }}</ref> who were suffering from a shortage of affordable and decent housing in the capital.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The service of the Metropolitan Waterworks system was extended to site.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The Bureau of Public Works, then under Secretary Vicente Fragante, constructed the streets and highways within the property.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Quezon also tapped Architect [[Juan M. Arellano]] to draft a design of the city.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />
Eight vast estates were acquired in order to create Quezon City: Diliman Estate, {{convert|1573.22|ha|km2}}, Santa Mesa Estate, {{convert|861.79|ha|km2}}, Mandaluyong Estate, {{convert|781.36|ha|km2}}, Magdalena Estate, {{convert|764.48|ha|km2}}, Piedad Estate, {{convert|743.84|ha|km2}}, Maysilo Estate, {{convert|266.73|ha|km2}} and the San Francisco Del Monte Estate, {{convert|257.54|ha|km2}}.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Quezon's goal was to create a place for the working class, coinciding with the planned transfer of the [[University of the Philippines]] campus in Manila to a more suitable location, which became another precedent for the creation of Quezon City.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

As early as 1928, the University of the Philippines (UP) had planned to expand by adding more academic units and constructing new buildings.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The university experienced increase in enrollment and its planned expansion was hampered by its small campus in Manila.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of the Philippines Diliman History |url=https://upd.edu.ph/history2/ |publisher=University of the Philippines Diliman |access-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826165128/https://upd.edu.ph/history2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The revised [[Burnham Plan of Manila]] envisioned the new campus to be located just outside Manila's city limits at 'the heights behind Manila'.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The UP Board of Regents informed Quezon of their desire to relocate the campus and he was supportive of the idea.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Furthermore, he wanted the facilities in the Manila campus to be used for government purposes.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> In 1939, Quezon urged the National Assembly to enact UP's relocation and on June 8, 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 442 was passed, enacting the transfer of UP outside of Manila.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=Act|number=442|title=An Act to Direct the Transfer of the University of the Philippines to a Site Outside the City of Manila, Appropriating Funds Therefor |date=June 3, 1939 |url=https://thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/commonwealth-acts/ca-no-442.php |publisher=The Corpus Juris |access-date=August 7, 2021}}</ref> A portion of Mariquina Estate, which was adjacent to Magdalena Estate, was chosen as the new site with an approximate area of {{convert|600|ha}}.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Additional land from the Diliman Estate was also added as part of the new university campus.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

====Creation of Quezon City====
[[File:Quezon Memorial Circle - top shot from City Hall (Diliman, Quezon City)(2018-02-07) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Quezon Memorial Circle]] is the focal point of the newly established capital city, site of the proposed National Capitol building.|left]]
With the development of the People's Homesite Corporation housing in the Diliman Estate and the creation of the new UP Campus, the creation of Quezon City was justified.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> On October 12, 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 502, also known as the Charter of Quezon City, was passed by the National Assembly, which created Quezon City.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=CA|number=502|title=An Act to Create Quezon City|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1939/10/12/commonwealth-act-no-502/|access-date=August 8, 2022|date=October 12, 1939|publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195829/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1939/10/12/commonwealth-act-no-502/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Surprisingly, Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law because he did not sign it.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The city was originally to be known as Balintawak City according to the first bill filed by Assemblyman Ramon P. Mitra Sr. from [[Mountain Province]], but Assemblymen [[Narciso Ramos]] and [[Eugenio Pérez|Eugenio Perez]], both from [[Pangasinan]], amended and successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the President in honor of his role in the creation of this new city.<ref name="QC-LGU-Ecological Profile">{{cite web |title=The Envisioned City of Quezon |date=January 8, 2021 |url=https://quezoncity.gov.ph/qc-profile/ecological-profile-2015/ |publisher=Quezon City Government |access-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724151544/https://quezoncity.gov.ph/qc-profile/ecological-profile-2015/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="QC-FASTFACTS-RAPPLER">{{cite web |title=FAST FACTS: Quezon City |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/fast-facts-quezon-city |last1=Bueza |first1=Michael |publisher=Rappler |date=October 12, 2013 |access-date=August 7, 2021 |archive-date=August 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807142313/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/fast-facts-quezon-city |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The creation of Quezon City halted the full implementation of the Burnham Plan of Manila and funds were diverted for the establishment of the new capital.

Several barangays from different towns were carved out to correspond to the estates that PHC bought for the creation of Quezon City.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The new city had an area of {{convert|7355|ha|km2}}, and the barrios and sitios that were taken for its creation were the following: Bagubantay (Bago Bantay), [[Balingasa]], Balintauac (Balintawak), Kaingin, Kangkong, Loma (La Loma), Malamig, Matalahib, Masambong, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol and [[Tatalon]], were taken from [[Caloocan]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Caloocan City History |url=https://caloocancity.gov.ph/26-about-us/298-history2 |publisher=Caloocan City Government |access-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214202349/https://caloocancity.gov.ph/26-about-us/298-history2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cubao, Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, and [[San Francisco del Monte]] were taken from [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]; Balara, [[Barangka|Barranca]] (Barangka), Jesus de la Peña, [[Krus na Ligas]], Tañong and the site of the new [[UP Campus, Quezon City|UP Campus]] were taken from [[Marikina]]; and, the barrios and sitios of Libis, and Ogong (Ugong Norte) from [[Pasig]].<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Commonwealth Act No. 659, enacted on June 21, 1941, changed the city's boundaries.<ref name="CAN659">{{cite PH act|chamber=CA|number=659|title=An act to amend sections two, three, twelve, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-four, and twenty-seven of Commonwealth Act numbered five hundred and two, and inserting new sections therein, to be known as sections thirteen-A, twenty-one-A, twenty-one-B, twenty-one-C, twenty-one-D, twenty-one-E, twenty-one-F, A and twenty-one-G|url=https://lawlibrary.chanrobles.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67428:commonwealth-act-no--659&catid=92&Itemid=741|publisher=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library|date=June 21, 1941|access-date=February 21, 2024|archive-date=August 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826165250/https://lawlibrary.chanrobles.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67428:commonwealth-act-no--659&catid=92&Itemid=741|url-status=live}}</ref> Under this law, the area of [[Wack Wack Golf and Country Club]] were to be reverted to [[Mandaluyong]], and the barrios of lower Barranca and Jesus de la Peña were reverted to [[Marikina]]. However, [[Camp Crame]] was taken out of [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]] and was given to Quezon City.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /><ref name="CAN659" />

1939, the year the city was established, recorded a population of 39,103 people. The city in its early days was predominantly rural, but Quezon asked American Architect William Parsons to craft a master plan for the newly created city.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Parsons was the one who advised Quezon to locate the National Government Center in Diliman instead of Wallace Field (now [[Rizal Park]]), due to the possibility of naval bombardment from [[Manila Bay]].<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> He died in December 1939 and his partner Harry T. Frost took over and become the lead planner.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Frost arrived in the Philippines on May 1, 1940, and became the architectural adviser of the Philippine Commonwealth government.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Together with [[Juan M. Arellano]], Alpheus D. Williams, and Welton Becket, they created the [[Frost Plan|Master Plan for Quezon City]] which was approved by the Philippine government in 1941.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The [[Frost Plan]] featured wide avenues, large open spaces, and [[roundabout]]s at major intersections.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The plan for major thoroughfares made by Louis Croft for the Greater Manila Area served as the backbone for the Plan of Quezon City.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The center of the city was a {{convert|400|ha|adj=on}} quadrangle formed by four avenues — [[North Avenue, Quezon City|North]], [[West Avenue, Quezon City|West]], [[Timog Avenue|South]] and [[East Avenue, Quezon City|East]] — which was designed to be the location of the National Government of the Philippines.<ref>{{cite map |author =  |title = Manila, Philippines map |trans-title =  |map =  |map-url =  |date = August 1945 |year =  |url = https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/13143272914 |scale =  |series =  |publisher = American Red Cross Service Bureau |cartography =  |page =  |pages =  |section =  |sections =  |inset =  |edition =  |location =  |language =  |format =  |isbn =  |id =  |access-date = April 25, 2021 |archive-date = October 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211017001834/https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/13143272914 |url-status = live }}</ref> At the northeast corner of the Quadrangle was a large roundabout, a {{convert|25|ha|adj=on}} elliptical site, were the proposed Capitol Building is envisioned to rise.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

To make the city accessible, Quezon ordered Luzon Bus Lines to ply from Kamuning towards [[Tutuban Center|Tutuban]] in [[Divisoria]], Manila to provide transport for the city's residents. However, the fare was not affordable to minimum wage earners. Because of the city's unaffordable housing prices and lack of transportation for low-income earners, the goal of creating mass housing for the working class was not met. Instead, those who opted to live in Quezon City consisted of middle-class households such as those in Kamuning, whose residents petitioned to rename it from ''Barrio Obrero'' (Worker's Community) to Kamuning (a type of tree that grows abundantly in the area) because its residents were not ''Obreros'' (Workers).<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

===Japanese occupation===
[[File:City of Greater Manila map.jpg|thumb|Map of the [[City of Greater Manila]] in 1942, showing Quezon City divided into two districts—Balintawak and Diliman—during its incorporation.]]

The Philippine Exposition in 1941 was held on the newly established Quezon City, but participants were limited to locals because of the increasing turbulence at the beginning of the Second World War.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Eventually, parts of Manila were bombed by the Japanese Imperial Forces in December 1941, bringing the war to the Philippines. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 400 as an emergency measure to form the [[City of Greater Manila]], with [[Jorge B. Vargas]] as its designated mayor. It merged the city with Manila and the towns of [[Caloocan]], [[Makati]], [[Mandaluyong]], [[Parañaque]], [[Pasay]], and [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]. The mayors of these towns and cities served as the assistant mayor of their respective localities and were under the mayor of Greater Manila.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=EO|number=400, s. 1942|title=Creating the City of Greater Manila|date=January 1, 1942|access-date=August 24, 2022|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1942/01/01/executive-order-no-400-s-1942/|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701173652/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1942/01/01/executive-order-no-400-s-1942/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="emb">{{cite web|title=Historical Background|url=http://ncr.emb.gov.ph/historicalbackground/|website=DENR - Environment Management Bureau - National Capital Region|access-date=August 21, 2022|archive-date=April 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402134109/http://ncr.emb.gov.ph/historicalbackground/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The City of Greater Manila was the basis for the formation of Metro Manila in 1975.

After [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japanese]] forces conquered the Philippines during the [[Pacific War]], the City of Greater Manila was reorganized in 1942 into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, La Loma, New Manila, Santa Mesa Estate, the [[Wack Wack Golf and Country Club]], and the present-day [[Greenhills, San Juan]]; and Diliman which was composed of Diliman proper, Cubao, the University District, and the present-day eastern portion of Marikina.<ref>{{cite map |author =  |title = Map of the City of Manila |trans-title =  |map =  |map-url =  |date =  |year = 1942 |url = https://assets.isu.pub/document-structure/210327135441-504a42fce9e9c0dafe948e678988e3b0/v1/68eac8a829832842ad677a95008f9037.jpg |scale = 1:40,000 |series =  |publisher = Division of Drafting and Surveys, Office of the City Engineer and Architect, City of Manila |cartography =  |page =  |pages =  |section =  |sections =  |inset =  |edition =  |location =  |language =  |format =  |isbn =  |id =  |access-date = August 24, 2022 |archive-date = March 8, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195828/https://assets.isu.pub/document-structure/210327135441-504a42fce9e9c0dafe948e678988e3b0/v1/68eac8a829832842ad677a95008f9037.jpg |url-status = live }}</ref> In the same year, the patients of [[Quezon Institute]] were relocated to the San Juan de Dios Hospital in Intramuros and the Japanese military used the facility for its own sick and wounded, and they also used [[Saint Joseph's College of Quezon City|Saint Joseph's College]] as a hospital.  The [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]]'s Twenty-ninth Squadron equipped with [[Nakajima Ki-44|Ki-44]] and [[Nakajima Ki-84|Ki-84]] fighter planes was assigned to Zablan Field of Camp Murphy. This colonial airfield was modernized by the Japanese with the construction of longer concrete runways, which now form the southernmost part of Katipunan Avenue and White Plains Avenue.  The Japanese also renamed some streets, most notably South Avenue which became Timog Avenue.  In January 1945, when the Americans returned to mainland Luzon, they gave numerical designations to some roads such as Route 54, which is now [[EDSA|Epifanio de los Santos Avenue]]. In February, the [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|American cavalry]] and [[Philippine resistance against Japan|Filipino guerrilla units]], advanced into Quezon City, defeating Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred in [[Novaliches]], which at that time was within Caloocan, and New Manila which had been fortified. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District.  After the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]], the City of Greater Manila was dissolved by President [[Sergio Osmeña]], thus separating the cities and towns that were consolidated and regaining their pre-war status.<ref name="eo58">{{cite PH act|chamber=EO|number=58, s. 1945|title=Reducing the Territory of the City of Greater Manila|date=July 26, 1945|access-date=August 24, 2022|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1945/07/26/executive-order-no-58-s-1945/|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195829/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1945/07/26/executive-order-no-58-s-1945/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The area which formed the city was then governed by the [[Philippine Executive Commission]].

===The postwar and independence era===
[[File:Territorial changes of Caloocan.png|thumb|Territories ceded by [[Caloocan]] to form Quezon City:<br />{{color box|green}} Existing territorial boundaries<br />{{color box|#3E8EDE}} Detached by Commonwealth Act No. 502 (1939)<br />{{color box|yellow}} [[Novaliches]] area; detached by Republic Act No. 392 (1949)|right]]
On July 17, 1948, President [[Elpidio Quirino]] signed Republic Act No. 333 into law, making Quezon City the [[capital of the Philippines]].<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=RA|number=333|title= An Act to Establish the Capital of the Philippines and the Permanent Seat of the National Government, to Create a Capital City Planning Commission, to Appropriate Funds for the Acquisition of Private Estates Within the Boundary Limits of Said City, and to Authorize the Issuance of Bonds of the National Government for the Acquisition of Private Estates, for the Subdivision Thereof, and for the Construction of Streets, Bridges, Waterworks, Sewerage and Other Municipal Improvements in the Capital City|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1948/07/17/republic-act-no-333/|publisher=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=July 17, 1948|access-date=July 31, 2021}}</ref> The Act created the Capital City Planning Commission, which was tasked to develop and implement a masterplan for the city.<ref name="QCHistory" /> As the capital, the city was expanded northwards, and the barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, [[Novaliches Proper]] (''Bayan''/''Poblacion''), Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa in [[Novaliches]] were ceded from [[Caloocan]]. This territorial change caused the division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts.<ref name="QCHistory" /> Quezon City was formally inaugurated as the capital on October 12, 1949. President Quirino laid the cornerstone on the proposed Capitol Building at [[Batasan Hills|Constitution Hills]].<ref name="QCHistory" />

On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by Republic Act No. 537, changing the city's boundaries to an area of {{convert|153.59|km2|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite PH act |chamber=RA |number=537 |title=An Act to Revise the Charter of Quezon City |url=https://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno537.html#.YQ6bTRQzbIU/ |publisher=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library |date=June 16, 1950 |access-date=August 7, 2021 |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929042156/https://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno537.html#.YQ6bTRQzbIU/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Exactly six years later, on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's territory were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as {{convert|151.06|km2|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=RA|number=1575|title=An Act To Amend And Repeal Certain Sections Of Republic Act Numbered Five Hundred Thirty-Seven, Otherwise Known As The Revised Charter Of Quezon City|url=https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1956/ra_1575_1956.html|publisher=The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation, Inc.|date=June 16, 1956|access-date=August 7, 2021|archive-date=August 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807144321/https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1956/ra_1575_1956.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, according to the 1995 GIS graphical plot, the city's total area is {{convert|161.11|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, making it the largest Local Government Unit in [[Metro Manila]] in terms of land area.<ref name="AboutQC">{{cite web |title=About the City |date=September 5, 2020 |url=https://quezoncity.gov.ph/about-the-city-government/ |publisher=Quezon City Government |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725005401/https://quezoncity.gov.ph/about-the-city-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="QCHistory" />

===The Marcos administration===
The turn of the decade from the 1960s to the 1970s brought an era of change and tumult throughout the Philippines, with many of the historically significant events of the era taking place in or involving people and groups from Quezon City.

[[File:FvfBantayog0151 09.JPG|thumb|The [[Bantayog ng mga Bayani]] was dedicated in honor of all the people that struggled during the Marcos regime.|left]]
==== Before Martial Law ====
When [[Ferdinand Marcos]]' economic policy of using foreign loans to fund government projects during his second term resulted in the [[1969 balance of payments crisis]],<ref name=Balbosas1992>{{Cite journal |last=Balbosa |first=Joven Zamoras |date=1992 |title=IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines |journal=Journal of Philippine Development |volume=XIX |issue=35 |url=https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf |access-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921141056/https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Cororaton1997">{{Cite journal |last=Cororaton |first=Cesar B. |title=Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines |journal=DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05 |pages=3, 19}}</ref><ref name="CamilleDiola">{{Cite news |url=https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/golden-era |title=Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship {{!}} 31 years of amnesia |last=Diola |first=Camille |work=The Philippine Star |access-date=May 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626200905/https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/golden-era |archive-date=June 26, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> students from Quezon City-based universities, notably the University of the Philippines Diliman and Ateneo de Manila University were among the first to call for change, ranging from moderate policy reforms to radical changes in form of government.<ref name="Passionate">Talitha Espiritu Passionate Revolutions: The Media and the Rise and Fall of the Marcos Regime Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2017.</ref><ref name="Daroy1988">{{Cite book |title=Dictatorship and revolution : roots of people's power |last=Daroy |first=Petronilo Bn. |date=1988 |publisher=Conspectus |isbn=978-9919108014 |editor-last=Javate -de Dios |editor-first=Aurora |edition= 1st |location=Metro Manila |chapter=On the Eve of Dictatorship and Revolution |oclc=19609244 |editor-last2=Daroy |editor-first2=Petronilo Bn. |editor-last3=Kalaw-Tirol |editor-first3=Lorna}}</ref>

Students from these Quezon City schools, representing a spectrum of positions, were thus at the front lines of the major protests of the first three months of 1970 – what would later be called the "[[First Quarter Storm]]." A year later in 1971, this was followed up by the [[Diliman Commune]], in which the students, faculty, and residents of [[University of the Philippines Diliman|UP Diliman]] initially planned to protest an impending oil price hike, but because of violent attempts to disperse them, also later demanded that Marcos' military pledge not to assault the campus in the future.<ref name="Daroy1988"/>

==== After the Martial Law proclamation ====
Marcos' declaration of [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|martial law]] in September 1972 saw the immediate shutdown of all media not approved by Marcos, including Quezon City media outlets such as [[DZBB-TV|GMA Channel 7]] and [[DWWX-TV|ABS-CBN Channel 2]]. At the same time, it saw the arrest of many students, journalists, academics, and politicians who were considered political threats to Marcos, many of them residents of Quezon City. By the morning after Marcos' televised announcement of the proclamation, about 400 of these arrestees were gathered in [[Camp Crame]] on the southwestern reaches of Quezon City, destined to be among the first of thousands of [[political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship]].<ref name="Daroy1988"/>

Camp Crame would be the site of many of the [[human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship]], with one of the first being the murder of student journalist [[Liliosa Hilao]] in Camp Crame.<ref name=Inquirer04172017>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/718061/liliosa-hilao-first-martial-law-detainee-killed|title=Liliosa Hilao: First Martial Law detainee killed|first=Kate Pedroso, Marielle|last=Medina|date=September 2015}}</ref> Among the prominent cases of abuse suffered specifically by Quezon City residents were the cases of [[Primitivo Mijares]] and his sixteen-year-old son Boyet Mijares, who lived in Project 6 at the time of their deaths;<ref name="MijaresDisappearance">{{Cite news |last=Zamora |first=Fe |date=February 19, 2017 |title=Family secret: How Primitivo Mijares disappeared |language=en |work=INQUIRER.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/872907/family-secret-how-primitivo-mijares-disappeared |url-status=live |access-date=May 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711125110/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/872907/family-secret-how-primitivo-mijares-disappeared |archive-date=July 11, 2018}}</ref> [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao]] social worker [[Purificacion Pedro]] who was murdered by a soldier at her hospital room in Bataan;<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Story of Puri|publisher=Schoenstatt Editions USA|year=2022|isbn=9781594380921}}</ref> 23-year old Kamias resident and student activist Roland Jan Quimpo who became a desaparecido;<ref name="BantayogProfileRonaldJanQuimpo">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title=Martyrs & Heroes: Ronald Jan Quimpo |url=https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/ronald-jan-quimpo/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US}}</ref> and Cubao-based tailor Rolando "Lando" Federis who was abducted by armed men in Lucena City while accompanying a group of activists to Bicol, tortured, and then killed.<ref name="BantayogProfileRolandoFederis">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=Martyrs & Heroes: Rolando Federis |url=https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/rolando-federis/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, a large number of student activists who were caught, detained, tortured, sexually abused, killed, and disappeared by the regime had been studying in the various universities and colleges in Quezon City.<ref name="Daroy1988"/>

One of the key moments that led to the eventual demise of the Marcos dictatorship was the [[1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid]], in which a Catholic seminary in [[Novaliches]] was raided on the suspicion that communist leaders were hiding there. The arrest of Fr. Benigno Mayo who was the head of the Jesuit order in the Philippines at the time, and Fr. Jose Blanco alongside 21 members of the youth group called Student Catholic Action (SCA), helped convince "[[Middle force opposition to the Marcos dictatorship|the formerly neutral Philippine middle class]]" that Marcos' powers had grown too great.<ref name="ThompsonStruggle">{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Mark R. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44741565 |title=The anti-Marcos struggle : personalistic rule and democratic transition in the Philippines |date=1996 |publisher=New Day |isbn=971-10-0992-7 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |oclc=44741565 |access-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826165143/https://search.worldcat.org/title/44741565 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773372348 |title=Socdem : Filipino social democracy in a time of turmoil and transition, 1965-1995 |date=2011 |publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung |isbn=978-971-535-033-4 |location=Pasig City, Metro Manila |oclc=773372348}}</ref>

As international pressure forced Marcos to start restoring civil rights, other key moments in Philippine history took place in Quezon City. Journalist [[Joe Burgos]] established the Quezon City-based [[WE Forum]] newspaper in 1977 and in it published a story by Colonel [[Bonifacio Gillego]] in November 1982 which discredited many of the [[Marcos medals]].<ref name="PamelaHollie19821208">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/08/world/manila-newspaper-closed-by-marcos.html |title=Manila Newspaper Closed by Marcos |last=Hollie |first=Pamela G. |date=1982-12-08 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-01-28 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103010046/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/08/world/manila-newspaper-closed-by-marcos.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Media coverage of the [[September 1984 Welcome Rotonda protest dispersal]] showed how opposition figures including 80-year-old former Senator [[Lorenzo Tañada]] and 71-year old Manila Times founder [[Chino Roces]] were waterhosed despite their frailty and how student leader [[Fidel Nemenzo]] (later Chancellor of the University of the Philippines Diliman) was shot nearly to death.

Most significantly, the August 1983 funeral of [[Assassination of Ninoy Aquino|assassinated]] opposition leader of [[Ninoy Aquino]] began at the Aquino family household in Times Street, West Triangle, Quezon City, and continued to the funeral mass at [[Santo Domingo Church]] in Santa Mesa Heights before the final interment at the [[Manila Memorial Park – Sucat]]. The procession took from 9:00 AM until 9:00 PM to finish as two million people joined the crowd. The experience galvanized many of the Philippines into resisting the dictatorship, with protests against Marcos snowballing until they happened nearly every week, and until Marcos was ousted by the [[People Power revolution]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/08/24/14/ninoy%E2%80%99s-funeral-was-day-filipinos-stopped-being-afraid-dictators|title=Ninoy's funeral was the day Filipinos stopped being afraid of dictators|first=Raissa|last=Robles|date=August 25, 2014|accessdate=May 31, 2021|website=ABS-CBN News|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213143/https://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/08/24/14/ninoy%E2%80%99s-funeral-was-day-filipinos-stopped-being-afraid-dictators|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Physical and administrative changes during the Marcos administration ====
In terms of administrative changes during this period, the region of Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975. The region encompassed four [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]] and thirteen adjoining [[Municipalities of the Philippines|towns]], as a separate regional unit of government.<ref name="GovPH-PD824">{{cite PH act|chamber=PD|number=824|url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_824_1975.html|title=Creating the Metropolitan Manila and the Metropolitan Manila Commission and for Other Purposes|date=November 7, 1975|access-date=April 21, 2020|publisher=The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation, Inc.|archive-date=March 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312121648/http://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_824_1975.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A year later, on June 24, 1976, Manila was reinstated by President Marcos as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period. Presidential Decree No. 940 states that Manila has always been to the Filipino people and in the eyes of the world, the premier city of the Philippines being the center of trade, commerce, education and culture.<ref name="GovPH-PD940">{{cite PH act|chamber=PD|number=940, s. 1975|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/|title=Establishing Manila as the Capital of the Philippines and as the Permanent Seat of the National Government|access-date=April 21, 2020|date=May 29, 1976|publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525084430/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Concurrent with the reinstatement of Manila as the capital, Ferdinand Marcos designated his wife, [[Imelda Marcos]], as the first governor of Metro Manila, who started the construction of massive government edifices with architectural significance as she re-branded Manila as the "[[City of Man]]".<ref>Lico, Gerard. Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and Marcos State Architecture. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2003.</ref>

On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from [[Manila North Cemetery]] to the newly completed [[Quezon Memorial Shrine]].<ref name="GovPH-OfficialWeek">{{cite web |title=Official Week in Review: July 30 – August 5, 1979 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1979/08/06/official-week-in-review-july-30-august-5-1979/ |publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |access-date=April 21, 2020 |date=August 6, 1979 |archive-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421151704/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1979/08/06/official-week-in-review-july-30-august-5-1979/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NHCPGovPH-Museo">{{cite web |title=Museo ni Manuel Quezon |url=http://nhcp.gov.ph/museums/quezon-memorial-shrine/ |website=National Historical Commission of the Philippines |access-date=April 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007034324/http://nhcp.gov.ph/museums/quezon-memorial-shrine/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It now houses the mausoleum where President Quezon and his wife Aurora Aragon Quezon are interred. It also contains a museum dedicated to President Quezon and his life.

===EDSA Revolution===
In 1986, the [[nonviolent revolution|nonviolent]] [[People Power Revolution]], led by [[Corazon Aquino]] and [[Jaime Sin|Cardinal Jaime Sin]], ousted Marcos from power. Thousands of people flocked [[EDSA]] between [[Camp Crame]] and [[Camp Aguinaldo]] in a series of popular [[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]] and [[civil resistance]] against the Marcos government that occurred between February 22 and 25, 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edsa people Power 1 Philippines |url=http://www.stuartxchange.com/EdsaIntro.html |access-date=December 3, 2007 |publisher=Angela Stuart-Santiago |archive-date=December 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213180847/http://www.stuartxchange.com/EdsaIntro.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Commemorative monuments ====
{{main|People Power Monument|EDSA Shrine|Bantayog ng mga Bayani}}
All of the three major monuments commemorating the Martial Law era are located in Quezon City.<ref name="leloy">Claudio, Lisandro E. (2013), ''Taming People's Power: The EDSA Revolutions and Their Contradictions''. Ateneo de Manila University Press. {{ISBN|9789715506557}}</ref> The [[People Power Monument]] and the [[EDSA Shrine]] were built in the city to commemorate the event, with the latter being a symbol of the role that the [[Catholic Church]] played in the restoration of democracy in the Philippines. The [[Bantayog ng mga Bayani]] was constructed along [[Quezon Avenue]] to honor the heroes and martyrs that struggled under the 20-year Marcos regime. The Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog honors prominent figures during the martial law era.<ref>{{cite web|last=Layug|first=Margaret Claire|title=7 more 'heroes' added to 'Bantayog ng mga Bayani' wall|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/676635/7-more-heroes-added-to-bantayog-ng-mga-bayani-wall/story/|website=GMA News Online|date=November 30, 2018|access-date=December 1, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=December 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217032420/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/676635/7-more-heroes-added-to-bantayog-ng-mga-bayani-wall/story/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabato |first1=Regine D. |last2=Sayson |first2=Frances P. |title=Braving the storm |url=http://www.theguidon.com/1112/main/2014/09/braving-storm/ |url-status=live |work=The Guidon |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University |date=September 11, 2014 |access-date=June 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084242/http://www.theguidon.com/1112/main/2014/09/braving-storm/ |archive-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref>

===Contemporary===
[[File:Ph-mm-quezon city-edsa-ortigas ave.-ortigas center-edsa shrine (2015) 01.JPG|thumb|[[EDSA Shrine]]]]
{{Further|2003 Quezon City elephant escape incident}}<!--- now place here; maybe a sentence between 2001 and 2010 history? --->
On February 23, 1998, Republic Act. No. 8535 was signed by President [[Fidel Ramos]], which paved the way for the creation of the City of Novaliches by carving out the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City.<ref name="QC001">{{cite web|url=http://www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&id=319&Itemid=277|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201638/http://www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&id=319&Itemid=277|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 26, 2014|title=Milestones in History|author=Web Admin|access-date=September 14, 2015}}</ref><ref name="QC002">{{cite web|url=http://info.philtravelcenter.com/qc-history.php|title=Quezon City Brief History, Philippines (Official Website of PhilTravelcenter.com – Quezon City Metro Manila, Philippines)|access-date=September 14, 2015|archive-date=October 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006001203/http://info.philtravelcenter.com/qc-history.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ChanRobles-RA8535">{{cite web |title=REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8535 |url=https://laws.chanrobles.com/republicacts/86_republicacts.php?id=8392 |website=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library |access-date=April 21, 2020 |date=February 23, 1998}}</ref> The voting process only includes the affected barangays, but then-city mayor of the town [[Mel Mathay|Ismael "Mel" Mathay Jr.]] lobbied to include the whole city. He also campaigned against the secession of Novaliches. In the succeeding plebiscite that was held on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches. Mathay was succeeded by [[Feliciano Belmonte Jr.]], who served as the city mayor from 2001 to 2010.

On May 1, 2001, numerous residents of Barangay Holy Spirit who were protesting against the arrest of former president [[Joseph Estrada]] marched from [[EDSA Shrine]] to [[Malacañang]] and participated in the [[EDSA III|May 1 riots]] against President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nocum|first1=Armand N.|last2=Aning|first2=Jerome|last3=Veridiano|first3=Dave|title=Gloria: I feel great... but I got scared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaU2AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA16|access-date=April 2, 2024|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|publisher=The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.|date=May 3, 2001|page=A16|quote=Of the 73 arrested rioters, 48 were from Barangay Holy Spirit in Quezon City, nine from [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]...}}</ref>

In the [[2010 Quezon City local elections|2010 local elections]], actor [[Herbert Bautista]], who served as Vice mayor during Mathay's and Belmonte's terms, was elected as the city mayor. During his term, the [[Quezon City Pride Council]] was established. It was the first [[LGBT]] council in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |title=1st sa 'Pinas 'Pride' council, itatatag sa QC |url=http://www.abante.com.ph/issue/mar2713/news02.htm#.VEcIb2eSxqU |publisher=Abante |date=March 23, 2013 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |language=tl |archive-date=May 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010836/http://www.abante.com.ph/issue/mar2713/news02.htm#.VEcIb2eSxqU |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also initiated numerous socialized housing projects called "Bistekville". Bautista was succeeded by [[Joy Belmonte|Maria Josefina "Joy" Belmonte]] in 2019, who has served as the Vice Mayor under his term and the daughter of former Quezon City mayor [[Feliciano Belmonte Jr.]] She was then reelected as City Mayor in 2022, after which the Quezon City People's Council was established. Under the Participation, Accountability and Transparency Ordinance, the council would serve as an umbrella for about 2,232 civil society organizations accredited by the city government as a means for more civic participation and as for the council to be the “eyes, ears and voice” of the city residents in the city government.<ref>{{cite news |title=QC puts up People's Council |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1603203/qc-puts-up-peoples-council |access-date=June 5, 2022 |website=INQUIRER.net |publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=May 27, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=June 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605150141/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1603203/qc-puts-up-peoples-council |url-status=live }}</ref>

Beginning March 15, 2020, Quezon City was placed [[COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines|under community quarantine]], which were introduced due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines|COVID-19 pandemic in the country]]. The strictest quarantine was the [[Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon|enhanced community quarantine]] in 2020 and 2021, in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila|then-ongoing pandemic in the city]], which has infected more than 100,000 of the city's residents with more than 1,200 deaths. The quarantine was later downgraded to the alert level system (ALS) in 2021 until the state of public health emergency was lifted by President [[Bongbong Marcos]] on July 21, 2023.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=PP|number=297, s. 2023|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2023/07/21/proclamation-no-297-s-2023/|title=Lifting of the State of Public Health Emergency Throughout the Philippines Due to COVID-19|date=July 21, 2023|accessdate=October 10, 2023|publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]|archive-date=September 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927180342/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2023/07/21/proclamation-no-297-s-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>