Editing Quiet Revolution (section)

==Origins ==
[[File:PlaceDArmes by Msteckiw.jpg|thumb|The hill leading to {{lang|fr|[[Place d'Armes]]|italic=no}} in Montreal, an important historic site of French Canada]]
[[File:Maitres chez nous 1962.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|"{{lang|fr|Maîtres chez nous}}" ('Masters in Our Own Home') was the electoral slogan of the Liberal Party during the 1962 election.]]
The 1950s tenure of Quebec Premier {{lang|fr|[[Maurice Duplessis]]|italic=no}} (August 30, 1944 – September 7, 1959) epitomized the conservative ideal of a religiously and culturally pure Québec, and became known among liberals as the {{lang|fr|[[Grande Noirceur]]}} ('Great Darkness'), although the [[Richard Riot]] of 1955 may have signaled growing submerged forces.<ref name="musee-civilisation">{{cite web |title=Media — Rocket Richard: The Legend, The Legacy |url=http://www.civilization.ca/media/docs/fsrck01e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514002345/http://www.civilization.ca/media/docs/fsrck01e.html |archive-date=May 14, 2008 |access-date=December 15, 2010 |publisher=Civilization.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Farber|first=Michael|date=November 29, 1999 |title=Loud Start To The Quiet Revolution: March 17, 1955: The Riot Over Rocket Richard |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1999/11/29/loud-start-to-the-quiet-revolution-march-17-1955-the-riot-over-rocket-richard |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |access-date=2020-07-13 }}</ref> Soon after Duplessis' death, the June [[1960 Quebec general election|1960 provincial election]] installed the [[Parti libéral du Québec|Liberal]] provincial government of {{lang|fr|[[Jean Lesage]]|italic=no}}, and the Quiet Revolution began.

Prior to the 1960s, the government of Québec was controlled by the conservative Duplessis, leader of the [[Union Nationale (Quebec)|Union Nationale]] party. Not all the Catholic Church supported Duplessis – some Catholic unions and members of the clergy criticized him, including Montreal Archbishop {{lang|fr|[[Joseph Charbonneau]]|italic=no}} – but the bulk of the small-town and rural clergy supported him.<ref name="Behiels 1985">{{cite book |last=Behiels |first=Michael |title=Prelude to Quebec's Quiet Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/preludetoquebecs0000behi |url-access=registration |date=1985 |publisher=McGill|isbn=9780773560956 }}</ref> Some quoted the {{lang|fr|Union Nationale|italic=np}} slogan {{lang|fr|Le ciel est bleu, l'enfer est rouge}} ('The sky (Heaven) is blue, Hell is red') as a reference to the colors of the {{lang|fr|Union Nationale|italic=no}} (blue) and the Liberals (red), the latter accused often of being pro-communist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernier Arcand |first=Philippe |date=2018 |title=Bleu, histoire d'une couleur politique |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/hq/2018-v23-n4-hq03653/88141ac/ |journal=Histoire Québec |language=fr |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=15–17 |issn=1201-4710}}</ref> [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Radio-Canada]], the newspaper {{lang|fr|[[Le Devoir]]}} and political journal {{lang|fr|[[Cité Libre]]}} were [[intellectual]] forums for critics of the Duplessis Government.<ref name="Behiels 1985" />

Prior to the Quiet Revolution, the province's natural resources were developed mainly by foreign investors,{{Citation needed |date=April 2014}} such as the US-based [[Iron Ore Company of Canada]]. In the spring of 1949, a group of 5,000 asbestos miners [[asbestos strike|went on strike]] for three months against a foreign corporation. They were supported by [[Joseph Charbonneau]] ([[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montreal|Bishop of Montreal]]), the Québécois nationalist newspaper {{lang|fr|Le Devoir}}, and a small group of intellectuals.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/canadaquebecuses0000cook_d3k0 |url-access=registration |location=Toronto |publisher=McLelland & Stewart Inc. |title=Canada, Quebec, and the Uses of Nationalism |isbn=9780771022616 |year=1986 }}</ref> Until the second half of the 20th century, the majority of Francophone Québec workers lived below the poverty line,{{Citation needed |date=April 2014}} and Francophones did not join the executive ranks of the businesses of their own province.{{Citation needed |date=October 2010}} Political activist and singer [[Félix Leclerc]] wrote: "Our people are the waterboys of their own country".

In many ways, Duplessis's death in September 1959, quickly followed by the sudden death of his successor [[Paul Sauvé]] on January 2, 1960, triggered the Quiet Revolution. The [[Parti Libéral du Québec|Liberal Party]], led by [[Jean Lesage]] and campaigning under the slogans {{lang|fr|Il faut que ça change}} ("Things have to change") and {{lang|fr|Maîtres chez nous}} ("Masters of our own house", a phrase coined by {{lang|fr|[[Le Devoir]]}} editor [[André Laurendeau]]), was voted into power within a year of Duplessis's death.

It is generally accepted that the revolution ended before the [[October Crisis]] of 1970, but Québec society has continued to change dramatically since then, notably with the rise of the sovereignty movement, evidenced by the election of the sovereigntist {{lang|fr|[[Parti Québécois]]|italic=no}} (first in 1976 by [[René Lévesque]]),<ref name="Dickinson Young 324">{{cite book |first1=John |last1=Dickinson |first2=Brian |last2=Young |title=A Short History of Quebec |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8 |url-access=registration |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8/page/324 324] }}</ref> the formation of a sovereigntist political party representing Québec on the federal level, the {{lang|fr|[[Bloc Québécois]]|italic=no}} (founded in 1991 by [[Lucien Bouchard]]),<ref name="Dickinson Young 324" /> as well as the 1980 and 1995 sovereignty referendums.<ref name="Dickinson Young 327">{{cite book |first1=John |last1=Dickinson |first2=Brian |last2=Young |title=A Short History of Quebec |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8 |url-access=registration |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8/page/327 327] }}</ref><ref name="Dickinson Young 354">{{cite book |first1=John |last1=Dickinson |first2=Brian |last2=Young |title=A Short History of Quebec |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8 |url-access=registration |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8/page/354 354] }}</ref> Some scholars argue that the rise of the Québec sovereignty movement during the 1970s is also part of this period.<ref name="Dickinson Young 324" />