Editing Radom (section)

== History ==
{{further|Timeline of Radom}}
[[File:Saint Wenceslaus church in Radom 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Church of St. Wenceslaus, Radom|Saint Wenceslaus church]], the city's oldest church]]
Radom's original settlement dates back to the 8th–9th century. It was an early medieval town in the valley of the Mleczna River (on the approximate site of present-day ''Old Town''). In the second half of the 10th century, it became a [[Gord (archaeology)|gord]], called ''[[Piotrówka Hill Fort|Piotrówka]]'', which was protected by a [[Defensive wall|rampart]] and a [[moat]]. Due to convenient location on the edge of a large wilderness, and its proximity to the border of [[Lesser Poland]] and [[Mazovia]], Radom quickly emerged as an important administrative center of the early [[Kingdom of Poland]]. ''Piotrówka'' was probably named after St. Peter church, which in 1222 was placed under the authority of a [[Benedictine]] [[Abbey]] in nearby [[Sieciechów, Masovian Voivodeship|Sieciechów]]. The church no longer exists; the oldest still-extant church in Radom is St. Wacław, founded in the 13th century by Prince of Sandomierz [[Leszek I the White]]. The first documented mention of Radom comes from the year 1155, in a [[papal bull|bull]] of [[Pope Adrian IV]] (''villam iuxta Rado, que vocatur Zlauno'', or ''a village near Radom, called Sławno''). By 1233, Radom was the seat of a [[castellan]]. The name of the city comes from the ancient Slavic given name ''Radomir'', and Radom means a ''gord, which belongs to Radomir''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.radom.pl/page/155,historia.html |title=Historia |access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref>
[[File:SM Radom Kościół św Jana Chrzciciela 2022(0).jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|left|Saint John the Baptist church, founded by King [[Casimir III the Great]] in the 14th century]]
In the second half of the 13th century, Radom was granted a [[Środa Śląska]] town charter by Prince [[Bolesław V the Chaste]], although no documents exist to confirm the exact date of this event. The town prospered in the 14th century, when in 1350 King [[Kazimierz Wielki]] established the so-called ''New Town'', with a royal castle, a [[defensive wall]], and a town hall. There was also a market square and a [[grid plan]] of the streets, patterned after Gothic German towns. The area of ''New Town'' was 9 [[hectare]]s, and the length of the defensive wall was 1,100 meters. Radom had three gates, named after main merchant roads: ''[[Iłża]] Gate'', ''[[Piotrków Trybunalski]] Gate'', and ''[[Lublin]] Gate''. The defensive wall was further protected by 25 [[fortified tower]]s. ''New Town'' had the [[Church of St. John the Baptist, Radom|Church of John the Baptist]], and the Royal Castle was built between the church and the moat.

In 1364, Radom's obsolete Środa Śląska rights were replaced with more modern [[Magdeburg rights]], and residents gained several privileges as a result.<ref name="Historia miejscowości">{{cite news|url=https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/r/601-radom/96-historia-miejscowosci/67672-historia-miejscowosci |title=Historia miejscowości |access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref> At that time, Radom was located along the so-called ''Oxen Trail'', from [[Ruthenia]]n lands to [[Silesia]]. In 1376, the city became the seat of a [[starosta]], and entered the period of its greatest prosperity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kazimierzwielki.pl/grody/mazowieckie/ |title=Grody mazowieckie |access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref>

===Poland's Golden Age===
King [[Władysław Jagiełło]] granted several privileges to the city. Jagiełło himself frequently travelled from [[Kraków]] to [[Vilnius]], and liked to stay at Radom Castle en route. On March 18, 1401, the [[Pact of Vilnius and Radom]] was signed, which strengthened the [[Polish–Lithuanian union]]. Immediately after the Pact, preparations for the [[Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War]] began. King [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] frequently visited Radom, along with his wife, [[Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)|Elizabeth of Austria]]. Here, the King would host foreign envoys, from such countries as the [[Crimean Khanate]], the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]], and the [[Duchy of Bavaria]]. On November 18, 1489, [[Johann von Tiefen]], the [[Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights|Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights]], paid homage to King Jagiellon at Radom Castle. [[Mikołaj Radomski]], one of the earliest Polish composers, comes from Radom. In 1468, the complex of a Bernardine church and monastery was founded here by King Jagiellon, with support of the local [[starosta]], Dominik z Kazanowa. The complex was originally made of wood (until 1507).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://diecezja.radom.pl/radom-kosciol-rektoralny-pw-sw-katarzyny-w-radomiu-oo-bernardyni/ |title=RADOM – Kościół rektoralny pw. św. Katarzyny w Radomiu – OO. Bernardyni |access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref>
[[Image:POL Radom castle Nihil novi.jpg|thumb|Plaque at the Radom Castle commemorating the adoption of the ''[[Nihil novi]]'' act in Radom in 1505]]

In 1481, Radom became the residence of Prince [[Saint Casimir|Kazimierz]], the son of King Jagiellon, who ruled the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The young prince died of [[tuberculosis]], and later became patron saint of both the city of Radom (since 1983), and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Radom]] (since 1992). During the reign of [[Alexander Jagiellon]], the [[Nihil novi]] act was adopted by the Polish [[Sejm]] in a meeting at Radom Castle.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.radomdzisiaj.pl/historia-radomia |title=Historia Radomia |access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref> Furthermore, at the same meeting, the [[Łaski's Statute|first codification of law published in the Kingdom of Poland]] was accepted. Radom was a [[Royal city in Poland|royal city]], [[powiat|county]] seat and [[Castellans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|castellany]], administratively located in the [[Sandomierz Voivodeship]] in the [[Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Lesser Poland Province]].<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Województwo sandomierskie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku; Cz.1, Mapy, plany|year=1993|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN]]|page=3}}</ref> It remained one of the most important urban centers of the Sandomierz Voivodeship, and was also the seat of the Treasure Tribunal in 1613–1764, which controlled taxation. Several kings visited the city, including [[Stephen Bathory]] and his wife [[Anna Jagiellon]], [[Sigismund III Vasa]], and [[Augustus III of Poland]]. In 1623 many residents died in an epidemic, and in 1628, half of Radom burned in a fire.<ref name="Historia miejscowości"/>

The period of prosperity ended during the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish invasion of Poland]]. The Swedish army captured the city without a fight in November 1655. At first the invaders behaved correctly, as King [[Charles X Gustav]] still sought alliances within the Polish-Lithuanian nobility; the situation changed, however, in early 1656, when anti-Swedish uprisings broke out in southern Lesser Poland and quickly spread across the country. Radom was looted and almost completely destroyed in August 1656. Its population shrank from some 2,000 before the war, to 395 in 1660, with only 37 houses still standing. Swedish soldiers burned the royal castle and the monastery. With the Polish population in decline, the number of Jewish settlers grew by the early 18th century. In 1682 the first [[Piarists]] arrived, and in 1737–1756, opened a college.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.retropedia.radom.pl/kolegium-pijarow/ |title=Kolegium Pijarów |access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref> The 3rd Infantry Regiment of the Polish [[Crown Army]] was stationed in Radom at various times.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gembarzewski|first=Bronisław|title=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831|year=1925|language=pl|publisher=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej|location=Warszawa|pages=26–27}}</ref>

===Late modern era===
[[File:Kolegium Pijarow in Radom 1864.jpg|thumb|left|Piarist College in the 19th century]]
After the [[Third Partition of Poland]] (1795), Radom was part of the [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian]] province of [[West Galicia]]. After the Polish victory in the [[Austro-Polish War]] of 1809, it was part of the Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]], which named it capital of the [[Radom Department]]. From 1815 the city belonged to [[Russian Partition|Russian-controlled]] [[Congress Poland]], remaining a regional administrative center. In 1816–1837 it was the capital of the Sandomierz Voivodeship, whose capital, despite the name, was at Radom. In 1837–1844 it was the capital of the [[Sandomierz Governorate]], and from 1844 until the outbreak of [[World War I]], the capital of the [[Radom Governorate]]. The Polish 5th Line Infantry Regiment, which later fought against Russia in the [[November Uprising]], was stationed in Radom.<ref>Gembarzewski, p. 69</ref> The city was an important center of the November Uprising. Its obsolete and ruined fortifications were destroyed upon order of Mayor Józef Królikowski. In the early days of the [[January Uprising]], [[Marian Langiewicz]] visited Radom, preparing the rebellion. In the 19th century, Radom was one of the leading centers of the new art of [[photography]] in partitioned Poland, alongside major cities of Warsaw, [[Gdańsk]], Kraków and Wilno.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kuropatwa|first=Justyna|editor-last1=Kita|editor-first1=Jarosław|editor-last2=Korybut-Marciniak|editor-first2=Maria|year=2017|title=Życie prywatne Polaków w XIX wieku|volume=VI|language=pl|location=Łódź-Olsztyn|publisher=Wydawnictwo [[University of Łódź|Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego]]|page=101|chapter=Moda na fotografię w Gdańsku na tle ziem polskich (do lat sześćdziesiątych XIX wieku)|isbn=978-83-8088-801-2}}</ref> In 1867 a sewage system was built. Russians closed down the Benedictine monastery and established a Tsarist prison in its place.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej|year=2010|language=pl|location=Radom|pages=12–13}}</ref> Streets were gradually paved, and in 1885, a rail line from [[Dąbrowa Górnicza]] to [[Dęblin]] was completed, via Radom. In the early 20th century a power plant was built. In 1906, notable Polish independence fighter [[Kazimierz Sosnkowski]], future politician and general, escaped from Warsaw to Radom, pursued by the Russian [[Okhrana]].<ref name="jk">{{cite magazine|last=Kirszak|first=Jerzy|year=2008|title=Wspołtworca niepodległości. Kazimierz Sosnkowski do 1918 roku|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|issue=11–12 (94–95)|page=109|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> In Radom, he continued his secret activities, and became the commander of the local [[Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party|Combat Organization]], before he eventually had to escape again, this time to the [[Dąbrowa Basin]].<ref name="jk" />

During World War I, the city was captured by the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] in July 1915. An Austrian garrison remained until November 1918.

[[File:Radom plany-15.jpg|thumb|City map from 1919]]

In the [[Second Polish Republic]] Radom became part of [[Kielce Voivodeship]]. In 1932 the City County of Radom was created, and the following year, its rail connection with [[Warsaw]] was completed. In the late 1930s, due to the government project known as the [[Central Industrial Area]], several new factories were built; by 1938, the population had grown to 80,000. The city was also a military garrison, serving as headquarters of the 72nd Infantry Regiment.

===World War II===
On September 1, 1939, the first day of the German [[invasion of Poland]] and [[World War II]], the Germans air raided the city.<ref name=szte/> On September 8, 1939, Radom was captured by the [[Wehrmacht]], and was afterwards [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied by Germany]]. On September 21, 1939, the German ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe II]]'' entered the city to commit various [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|crimes against the population]], and afterwards its members co-formed the local German police and security forces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=58}}</ref> The Germans immediately confiscated the food stored in warehouses in Radom and nearby settlements, and carried out requisitions in the city council.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 118</ref> The occupiers established a special court in Radom,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Grabowski|first=Waldemar|year=2009|title=Polacy na ziemiach II RP włączonych do III Rzeszy|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=8–9 (103–104)|page=62|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> and two temporary [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camps]] for captured Polish soldiers, one in the pre-war military barracks and one in the [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]] Park.<ref>''Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej'', p. 14, 28</ref> There were poor conditions in the camp in the barracks, and hunger and diseases were common.<ref>''Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej'', p. 15</ref> The local civilian population helped many POWs escape from the camp.<ref>''Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej'', p. 17</ref>

From 1939 to 1945, Radom was the seat of the Radom District in the [[General Government]].

[[File:Radom była siedziba NKWD.JPG|thumb|Former seat of the [[Gestapo]] and [[NKVD]] during the occupation]]
From October 1939 to January 1940, the Germans carried out several public executions of Polish civilians in various locations in Radom, killing 111 people.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 250-251</ref> The Germans also operated a heavy prison in the city,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000622|title=Schweres NS-Gefängnis Radom|website=Bundesarchiv.de|accessdate=8 May 2021|language=de}}</ref> and carried mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, who were then held in the prison.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 252</ref> Many Poles [[Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany|expelled]] from [[Gdynia]] in 1939 were placed in a temporary transit camp in a local church, before they were sent to nearby settlements.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Tomkiewicz|first=Monika|year=2003|title=Wysiedlenia z Gdyni w 1939 roku|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=12–1 (35–36)|page=36|issn=1641-9561}}</ref>

The occupiers liquidated local cultural and social life.<ref name=rmp2>''Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej'', p. 2</ref> All sports clubs and high schools were closed, and teaching of literature, geography and history in the remaining schools was prohibited.<ref>''Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej'', p. 2, 9</ref>

In March and May 1940, the Germans carried out massacres of 210 Poles, including teenagers, from Radom and nearby settlements in the city's [[Firlej, Radom|Firlej]] district.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 252-253</ref> Around 100 Poles from Radom were murdered by the Russians in the large [[Katyn massacre]] in April–May 1940.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radioplus.com.pl/radom/37307-polegli-na-golgocie-wschodu|title=Polegli na Golgocie Wschodu...|website=Radio Plus Radom|author=Weronika Chochoł|accessdate=8 May 2021|language=pl}}</ref> In July, August and November 1940, the Germans carried out deportations of Poles from the local prison to the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]].<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 261</ref> Deportations to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]] continued throughout the war, and 18,000 people passed through the local prison, mostly Polish political activists, resistance members and innocent people, plus ordinary criminals.<ref name=rmp13>''Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej'', p. 13</ref> At the large massacre sites in the present-day districts of Firlej and Kosów, the Germans murdered around 15,000 and 1,500 people, respectively.<ref>''Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej'', p. 20</ref>

[[File:Radom, Pomnik Ofiar Faszyzmu - fotopolska.eu (305799).jpg|thumb|left|Monument and cemetery in [[Firlej, Radom|Firlej]] where the Germans murdered around 15,000 Poles and Jews]]
In October 1940, the German occupiers established a [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camp for [[Jews]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000623|title=Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden Radom|website=Bundesarchiv.de|accessdate=8 May 2021|language=de}}</ref> and in 1941, they formed the [[Radom Ghetto]], with a population of 34,000 Jews, most of whom perished at the [[Treblinka extermination camp]].<ref name=szte>{{cite news|url=https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/r/601-radom/96-historia-miejscowosci/67672-historia-miejscowosci |title=Historia miejscowości|access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref> According to German regulations, sheltering Jews outside the ghetto was punishable by death.<ref>{{cite book|last=Datner|first=Szymon|year=1968|title=Las sprawiedliwych|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Książka i Wiedza|page=23}}</ref> The secret [[Żegota|Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota"]], established by the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]] operated in the city.<ref>Datner, p. 69</ref>

Radom was a center of Polish resistance, with various organizations, such as [[Service for Poland's Victory]], {{ill|Independent Poland|pl|Polska Niepodległa}}, [[Union of Armed Struggle]], [[Bataliony Chłopskie]], [[Gray Ranks|Grey Ranks]] and numerous [[Home Army]] units operating in the area.<ref name=rmp2/> The resistance carried out various actions, which included sabotage, stealing weapons, [[Education in Poland during World War II|secret education]], etc.<ref name=rmp2/> Poles were even able to produce weapons for Polish partisans in the local arms factory, even though it was seized by the Germans. In 1942, the Germans discovered the activity, and then publicly [[Hanging|hanged]] 50 Poles, including 26 employees of the arms factory, and a pregnant woman.<ref>''Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej'', p. 6-7, 17</ref> Scouts from the [[Gray Ranks]] who worked at the local post office stole and destroyed anonymous letters to the [[Gestapo]], thus possibly saving many lives.<ref name=rmp13/> Two German doctors from a local hospital helped the Polish resistance, for which one was even arrested and sent to a concentration camp.<ref name=rmp13/> In April 1943, the resistance successfully assassinated the chief of the local German police.<ref>''Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej'', p. 14</ref>

In 1944, following the Polish [[Warsaw Uprising]], the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from the [[Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków|Dulag 121 camp]] in [[Pruszków]], where they were initially imprisoned, to Radom.<ref name=dul>{{cite web|url=http://dulag121.pl/encyklopediaa/transporty-z-obozu-dulag-121/|title=Transporty z obozu Dulag 121|website=Muzeum Dulag 121|accessdate=8 May 2021|language=pl}}</ref> Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children.<ref name=dul/> 3,500 Poles [[Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany|expelled]] from [[Warsaw]] stayed in the city, as of November 1, 1944.<ref name=dul/>

In January 1945, the occupiers sent the last transport of prisoners from Radom to Auschwitz, but it only reached [[Częstochowa]], while the remaining prisoners were massacred in Firlej.<ref name=rmp13/>

On January 16, 1945, the city was captured by the [[Red Army]], and then restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which then stayed in power until the [[Fall of Communism]] in the 1980s. Fallen Red Army soldiers rest at the local cemetery at Warszawska Street. The communists held Polish resistance members in the former German prison.<ref name=rmp13/> In September 1945, the [[Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)|resistance movement]] attacked the communist prison and liberated nearly 500 prisoners.<ref name=rmp13/>

Up to the [[Second World War]], like many other cities in [[interwar Poland]], Radom had a large Jewish population. According to the [[Russian census of 1897|Imperial 1897 census]], out of the total population of 28,700, Jews constituted {{awrap|11,200 (~39%).<ref>Joshua D. Zimmerman, ''Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality'', Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-299-19464-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16 Google Print, p.16]</ref><ref>See also: Alfred Lipson, ed. and comp., The Book of Radom: The Story of a Jewish Community in Poland Destroyed by the Nazis (New York, 1963), based on Sefer Radom, ed. Yitsḥak Perlov (Tel Aviv, 1961); Sebastian Piątkowski, Dni życia, dni śmierci: Ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918–1950 (Warsaw, 2006).</ref>}}

===Current events===
[[File:Plac Konstytucji w Radomiu 2.jpg|thumb|Radom in the 1970s]]
From 1975 to 1998, it was the seat of the [[Radom Voivodeship]]. In 1954 and 1984, city limits were greatly expanded by including several settlements as new districts,<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 22 sierpnia 1953 r. w sprawie zmiany granic miasta Radomia w województwie kieleckim.|year=1953|volume=41|number=190}}</ref> including Długojów Górny, Huta Józefowska, Janiszpol, Józefów, Kierzków, Kończyce, Krychnowice, Krzewień, Malczew, Mleczna, Nowa Wola Gołębiowska, Nowiny Malczewskie, Stara Wola Gołębiowska, Wincentów, Wólka Klwatecka.<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Ministra Administracji i Gospodarki Przestrzennej z dnia 3 marca 1984 r. w sprawie zmiany granic niektórych miast w województwach: katowickim, kieleckim, legnickim, radomskim i wrocławskim.|year=1984|volume=14|number=64}}</ref>

In 2007, two pilots died in an accident at the air show, resulting in the cancellation of the rest of the event. On {{awrap|30 August}} 2009, also during the air show, another two pilots who represented [[Belarus]] were killed when their plane crashed.

Radom was one of the main centres of the strike action taken by Polish health care workers in 2007.