Editing Rainbow trout (section)

==Taxonomy==
The [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] of the rainbow trout is {{nowrap|''Oncorhynchus mykiss''}}.<ref name=Behnke2002-67>{{cite book |last=Behnke |first=Robert J. |others=Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) |title=Trout and Salmon of North America |publisher=The Free Press|location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-2220-4 |year=2002 |pages=65–122 |chapter=Rainbow and Redband Trout |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WlHElmgQVgC&pg=PA65 }}</ref> The species was originally named by German [[natural history|naturalist]] and [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomist]] [[Johann Julius Walbaum]] in 1792 based on [[Type (biology)|type specimens]] from the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] in Siberia. Walbaum's original species name, ''mykiss'', was derived from the local [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|Kamchatkan]] name used for the fish, ''mykizha''. The name of the genus is from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''[[wikt:ὄγκος|ὄγκος]]'' (''ónkos'') "lump, bend, hook" and ''[[wikt:ῥύγχος|ῥύγχος]]'' (''rhúnkhos'') "[[snout]]", in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season (the "[[kype]]").<ref name=BehnkeO/>

[[John Richardson (naturalist)|Sir John Richardson]], a Scottish naturalist, named a specimen of this species {{nowrap|''Salmo gairdneri''}} in 1836 to honor Meredith Gairdner, a [[Hudson's Bay Company]] surgeon at [[Fort Vancouver]] on the [[Columbia River]] who provided Richardson with specimens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/faunaborealiamer03rich |title=Fauna Boreali-Americana, or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions, Under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. (1829) Part Third: The Fish |author=Richardson, John |author2=Swainson, William |author3=Kirby, William  |year=1836 |publisher=Richard Bentley |location=London |page=221|oclc=257860151 }}</ref> In 1855, William P. Gibbons, the curator of Geology and Mineralogy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.calacademy.org/izg |title=Invertebrate Zoology and Geology |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |access-date=2013-12-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212123627/http://research.calacademy.org/izg |archive-date=2013-12-12 }}</ref> at the [[California Academy of Sciences]], found a population and named it {{nowrap|''{{lang|la|Salmo iridia}}''}} (Latin: rainbow), later corrected to {{nowrap|''Salmo irideus''}}. These names faded once it was determined that Walbaum's description of type specimens was [[Biological specificity#Conspecific|conspecific]] and therefore had [[Principle of priority|precedence]].<ref>{{cite journal  |author=Behnke, Robert J.|year= 1966|jstor=1441145|title= Relationships of the Far Eastern Trout, ''Salmo mykiss'' Walbaum |journal=Copeia|volume= 1966|issue= 2 |pages=346–348 |doi=10.2307/1441145}}</ref> In 1989, morphological and genetic studies indicated that trout of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific Basin]] were genetically closer to Pacific salmon (''[[Oncorhynchus]]'' species) than to the genus ''[[Salmo]]'' ([[brown trout]] {{nowrap|(''Salmo trutta'')}}, [[Atlantic salmon]] {{nowrap|(''Salmo salar'')}} and relatives) of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Basin]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Classification and Scientific Names of Rainbow and Cutthroat Trouts |journal=Fisheries |volume=14 |year=1989 |pages=4–10 |author1=Smith, Gerald R. |author2=Stearley, Ralph F. |issue=1 |doi= 10.1577/1548-8446(1989)014<0004:TCASNO>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1989Fish...14a...4S |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140998/1/fsh0004.pdf |hdl=2027.42/140998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Thus, in 1989, taxonomic authorities moved the rainbow, [[Cutthroat trout|cutthroat]], and other Pacific Basin trout into the genus ''Oncorhynchus''.<ref name=BehnkeO>{{cite book |last=Behnke |first=Robert J. |others=Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) |title=Trout and Salmon of North America |publisher=The Free Press |location=New York|isbn=978-0-7432-2220-4 |year=2002 |pages=10–21 |chapter=Genus ''Oncorhynchus'' }}</ref> Walbaum's name had precedence, so the species name {{nowrap|''Oncorhynchus mykiss''}} became the scientific name of the rainbow trout. The previous species names ''irideus'' and ''gairdneri'' were adopted as subspecies names for the coastal rainbow and Columbia River redband trout, respectively.<ref name=BehnkeO/> [[Fish migration#Classification|Anadromous forms]] of the coastal rainbow trout {{nowrap|(''O. m. irideus'')}} or Columbia River redband trout {{nowrap|(''O. m. gairdneri'')}} are commonly known as [[steelhead]].<ref name=Behnke2002-67/>

===Subspecies===
Subspecies of {{nowrap|''Oncorhynchus mykiss''}} are listed below as described by fisheries biologist [[Robert J. Behnke]] (2002).<ref name=Behnke2002>{{cite book |last=Behnke |first=Robert J. |others=Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) |title=Trout and Salmon of North America |publisher=The Free Press|location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-2220-4 |year=2002 |pages=65–122 |chapter=Rainbow and Redband Trout }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" width="10%"| Geographical group
! scope="col" width="20%"| Common name
! scope="col" width="20%"|Scientific name
! scope="col" width="35%"|Range
! scope="col" width="15%"| Image
|-
| align="center"|[[Type (biology)|Type subspecies]] || [[Kamchatkan rainbow trout]] || {{nowrap|''O. m. mykiss''}} <small>(Walbaum, 1792)</small> || Western Pacific: the Kamchatka Peninsula, and has been recorded from the [[Commander Islands]] east of Kamchatka, and sporadically in the [[Sea of Okhotsk]], as far south as the mouth of the [[Amur|Amur River]]|| 
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2"| Coastal forms || Coastal rainbow trout || {{nowrap|''O. m. irideus''}} <small>(Gibbons, 1855)</small> || Pacific Ocean tributaries from Aleutian Islands in Alaska south to Southern California. Anadromous forms are known as [[steelhead]], freshwater forms as rainbow trout.  ||rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Lake Washington Ship Canal Fish Ladder pamphlet - ocean phase Steelhead.jpg|100px]]<br />[[File:Lake Washington Ship Canal Fish Ladder pamphlet - male freshwater phase Steelhead.jpg|100px]]<br/>Ocean (a.k.a. "steelhead") and fresh water forms of coastal rainbow trout<br />''O.&nbsp;m.&nbsp;irideus''
|-
| [[Beardslee trout]]|| {{nowrap|''O. m. irideus'' var. ''beardsleei''}} <small>(a genetically unique lake-dwelling variety of the coastal rainbow trout) (Jordan, 1896)</small><ref name=Meyer/>|| Isolated in [[Lake Crescent]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|-
|align="center" rowspan="7"| [[Redband trout|Redband forms]] ||[[Columbia River redband trout]] ||{{nowrap|''O. m. gairdneri''}} <small>(Richardson, 1836)</small> ||Found in the [[Columbia River]] and its tributaries in [[Montana]], Washington and [[Idaho]]. Anadromous forms are known as redband [[steelhead]].||rowspan="7" align="center"| [[File:Oncorhynchus mykiss ssp. gairdneri.jpg|100px]]<br/>Columbia River redband trout<br />''O.&nbsp;m.&nbsp;gairdneri''
|-
| [[Athabasca rainbow trout]]||{{nowrap|''O. m.'' spp.}}, <small>considered by Behnke as a form of {{nowrap|''O. m. gairdneri''}}, but considered a separate subspecies by biologist L. M. Carl of the Ontario Ministry of Resources, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Section and associates from work published in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rasmussen|first=Joseph B.|author2=Taylor, Eric B.|url=http://esrd.alberta.ca/fish-wildlife/species-at-risk/species-at-risk-publications-web-resources/fish/documents/SAR-StatusAthabascaRainbowTroutAlberta-Jun2009.pdf|title=Status of the Athabasca Rainbow Trout ''Oncorhynchus mykiss'' in Alberta|publisher=Government of Alberta-Fish and Wildlife Division|year=2009 |page=2|access-date=2013-11-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221203000/http://esrd.alberta.ca/fish-wildlife/species-at-risk/species-at-risk-publications-web-resources/fish/documents/SAR-StatusAthabascaRainbowTroutAlberta-Jun2009.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-21}}</ref></small> ||Distributed throughout the [[River source|headwaters]] of the [[Athabasca River]] system in [[Alberta]]
|-
| [[McCloud River redband trout]]||{{nowrap|''O. m. stonei''}} <small>(Jordan, 1894)</small>|| Native to the [[McCloud River]], upstream of Middle Falls, and its tributaries in [[Northern California]], south of [[Mount Shasta]].
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| [[Sheepheaven Creek redband trout]]||{{nowrap|''O. m.'' spp.}}|| Native to Sheepheaven Creek, [[Siskiyou County, California]]. Sheepheaven Creek redband were transplanted into Swamp Creek in 1972 and 1974 and into Trout Creek in 1977.
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| [[Great Basin redband trout]]|| {{nowrap|''O. m. newberrii''}} <small>([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1859)</small> || Native in southeastern Oregon and parts of California and Nevada on the periphery of the Great Basin.
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| [[Eagle Lake trout]]|| {{nowrap|''O. m. aquilarum''}} <small>([[John Otterbein Snyder|Snyder]], 1917)</small> || Endemic to [[Eagle Lake (Lassen County)|Eagle Lake]] in [[Lassen County, California]].
|-
| [[Kamloops rainbow trout]]||{{nowrap|''O. m. kamloops'' strain}} <small>(Jordan, 1892)</small> || Native to several large [[British Columbia]] lakes, particularly [[Kamloops Lake]] and [[Kootenay Lake]]. Known for its very large size.
|-
| rowspan="3"  align="center"| [[Kern River]] golden trout || [[Golden trout]]|| {{nowrap|''O. m. aguabonita''}} <small>(Jordan, 1892)</small> || Native to Golden Trout Creek (tributary to the Kern River), Volcano Creek (tributary to Golden Trout Creek), and the [[South Fork Kern River]]. ||rowspan="3" align="center"| [[File:Goldentroutwiki.jpg|100px]]<br/>Kern River golden trout<br/>''O.&nbsp;m.&nbsp;aguabonita''
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| [[Kern River rainbow trout]]||{{nowrap|''O. m. gilberti''}} <small>(Jordan, 1894)</small> || Endemic to the Kern River and tributaries in [[Tulare County, California]]. Its current range is drastically reduced from its historic range. Remnant populations live in the Kern River above Durrwood Creek, in upper Ninemile, Rattlesnake, and Osa creeks, and possibly in upper Peppermint Creek.
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| [[Little Kern golden trout]]||{{nowrap|''O. m. whitei''}} <small>(Evermann, 1906)</small> || Endemic to about {{convert|100|mi|km|order=flip}} of the Little Kern River and tributaries of [[Tulare County, California]]. Their current range is restricted to five headwater streams in the Kern River basin (Wet Meadows, Deadman, Soda Spring, Willow, Sheep, and Fish creeks) plus an introduced population in Coyote Creek, a tributary of the Kern River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://caltrout.org/pdf/Little%20Kern%20Golden%20Trout.pdf |title=Little Kern Golden Trout |work=SOS: California's Native Fish Crisis |page=74 |publisher=California Trout |access-date=2014-01-02}}</ref>
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|align="center"|Mexican forms ||[[Mexican native trout|Mexican rainbow trout]]<br/><small>*Rio Yaqui, Rio Mayo and Guzman trout<br/>*Rio San Lorenzo and Arroyo la Sidra trout<br/>*Rio del Presidio trout</small>||{{nowrap|''O. m. nelsoni''}} <small>(Evermann, 1908)</small>||Sometimes referred to as Nelson's trout, occurs in three distinct geographic groups. The taxonomy of these trout is subject to ongoing research, and there may be significant diversity of forms in this group.<ref name=MexicanNativeTrout>{{cite journal |title=Mexican native trouts: A Review of Their History and Current Systematic and Conservation Status |author1=Hendrickson, Dean A. |author2=Perez, Hector Espinosa |author3=Findley, Lloyd T. |author4=Forbes, William |author5=Tomelleri, Joseph R. |author6=Mayden, Richard L. |author7=Nielsen, Jennifer L. |author8=Jensen, Buddy |author9=Campos, Gorgonio Ruiz |author10=Romero, Alejandro Varela |author11=van der Heiden, Albert |author12=Camarena, Faustino |author13=Gracia de Leon, Francisco J. |journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries |volume=12 |issue=2/3 |pages= 273–316 |year=2002 |url=https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Hendrickson_2003_Mexican_trout.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303170013/https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Hendrickson_2003_Mexican_trout.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-03|doi=10.1023/A:1025062415188 |bibcode=2002RFBF...12..273H |s2cid=20102698 }}</ref>||
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|align="center"|[[Mutation|Mutated]] forms ||Golden rainbow trout<br/>or<br/>Palomino trout<br/>or<br/>lightning trout || colspan="2" |So-called golden rainbow trout or palomino trout are bred from a single mutated color variant of {{nowrap|''O. mykiss''}} that originated in a [[West Virginia]] fish hatchery in 1955.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wvgazettemail.com/outdoors/years-later-golden-rainbows-still-a-treat-for-mountain-state/article_124f8d33-319f-58ce-9ed5-c2d827c63cea.html |title=50 Years Later, Golden Rainbows Still 'a Treat' for Mountain State Fishermen |work=Saturday Gazette-Mail |location=Charleston, West Virginia |author=McCoy, John |date=2013-05-11 |access-date=2013-12-29}}</ref><ref name="golden">{{cite web |url=http://www.fish.state.pa.us/images/pages/qa/fish/trout_golden.htm |title=Golden Rainbow Trout |publisher=Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission FAQ |access-date=2013-11-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127122359/http://www.fish.state.pa.us/images/pages/qa/fish/trout_golden.htm |archive-date=2013-11-27 }}</ref> They are also known as banana trout. It is stocked outside of West Virginia but West Virginia still stocks 50,000 palominos a year.<ref>{{cite web |last1=CERMELE |first1=JOE |title=Palomino Trout: The Lure of the Golden Mutants |url=https://www.outdoorlife.com/fishing/palomino-trout/ |website=outdoorlife.com |date=17 April 2023 |publisher=Outdoor Life |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> The golden rainbow trout is predominantly yellowish, lacking the typical green field and black spots, but retaining the diffuse red stripe.<ref name="golden" /> The palomino trout is a mixture of golden and common rainbow trout, resulting in an intermediate color. The golden rainbow trout is not the same subspecies as the naturally occurring {{nowrap|''O. m. aguabonita''}}, the Kern River golden trout of California.<ref name=golden/> ||align="center"|[[File:Golden Rainbow Trout Cropped.jpg|100px]]<br/>Golden rainbow trout<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejump.net/id/golden-rainbow-trout.htm |title=Golden Rainbow Trout |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2022-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122170012/https://www.thejump.net/id/golden-rainbow-trout.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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