Editing Ramon Llull (section)

==Life==
===Early life and family===
[[File:LifeOfRaymondLull14thCentury.JPG|thumb|Scenes from the life of Raymond Lull, in a 14th-century manuscript]]
Llull was born in [[Palma de Mallorca | Palma]] into a wealthy family of [[Barcelona]] patricians who had come to the [[Kingdom of Majorca]] in 1229 with the conquering armies of [[James I of Aragon]]. James I had conquered the formerly [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]]-ruled Majorca as part of a larger move to integrate the territories of the  [[Balearic Islands]] (now part of [[Spain]]) into the [[Crown of Aragon]]. Llull was born there a few years later, in 1232 or 1233. Muslims still constituted a large part of the population of Majorca and Jews were present in cultural and economic affairs.{{sfn|Bonner|2007|p=1}}

In 1257 Llull married {{Ill|Blanca Picany|ca}}, with whom he had two children, Domènec and Magdalena.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Llull|first1= Ramon|last2= Ramis Barceló|first2= Rafael|date= 2011|title= Arte de derecho|chapter= Estudio preliminar|url=https://e-archivo.uc3m.es/rest/api/core/bitstreams/fb4d5706-e948-44a6-a555-ccb983ae8117/content |publisher= Editorial Dykinson|page= 17|isbn=978-84-15454-34-2|language= Spanish|quote= Ramon contrajo matrimonio con una mujer de su misma posición -Blanca Picany- y tuvieron dos hijos, Domènec y Magdalena.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Priani|first1= Ernesto|date= 2021|title= Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|chapter= Ramon Llull|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/Entries/llull/|publisher= Stanford University|issn=1095-5054|quote= In 1257 he married Blanca Picany, who belonged to another Catalan family settled in Majorca, with whom he had two children, Domènec and Magdalena.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Houssaye|first1= Jean|date= 2011|title= Prémiers pedagogues: de l'Antiquité a la Renaissance|chapter= Ramon Llull|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d1DjPdFEB48C|publisher= Elsevier|page= 190|isbn=978-2710115465|language= French|quote= Pendant cette même année 1257, il écrivit la Doctrina Pueril, son premiére grand ouvrage pédagogique, qu'il dédie à son fils, Domènec.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Fidora|first1= Alexander|date= 2020|title= Kindlers Literatur Lexikon|chapter= Ramon Llull: Doctrina Pueril|publisher= Springer|isbn=978-3-476-05728-0|language= German|quote= Die pädagogisch-katechetische Abhandlung entstand 1274 bis 1276 vermutlich auf Mallorca. Das Werk, das Llull seinem Sohn Domènec widmete, [...]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Cronologia |url=http://anyllull.cat/l-autor/cronologia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410135408/http://anyllull.cat/l-autor/cronologia |archive-date=2016-04-10 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Any Llull (Generalitat de Catalunya – Institut Ramon Llull – Govern de les Illes Balears) |at=Year 1257 |language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biografia Ramon Llull |url=https://www.escriptors.cat/autors/llullr/biografia-ramon-llull |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Associació d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana |language=ca}}</ref> Although he formed a family, he lived what he would later call the licentious and worldly life of a [[troubadour]].

===Religious calling===
In 1263 Llull experienced a series of [[Vision (spirituality)|visions]]. He narrates the event in his autobiography ''Vita coaetanea'' ("A Contemporary Life"):

{{quote|Ramon, while still a young man and Seneschal to the King of Majorca, was very given to composing worthless songs and poems and to doing other licentious things. One night he was sitting beside his bed, about to compose and write in his vulgar tongue a song to a lady whom he loved with a foolish love; and as he began to write this song, he looked to his right and saw our Lord [[Jesus Christ]] on the Cross, as if suspended in mid-air.{{sfn|Bonner|1985|pp=10–11}} }}

The vision came to Llull five times in all and inspired in him three intentions: to give up his soul for the sake of God's love and honor, to convert the [[Saracen]]s (i.e., Arabs and/or Muslims) to Christianity, and write the best book in the world against the errors of the unbelievers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Llull |first1=Ramon |title=A Contemporary Life, Edited and translated by Anthony Bonner |date=2010 |publisher=Tamesis |location=Barcelona/Woodbridge |isbn=9781855661998 |pages=33–35}}</ref>

Following his visions he sold his possessions on the model of Saint  [[Francis of Assisi]] and set out on pilgrimages to the shrines of Saint Mary of [[Rocamadour]], [[James the Great|Saint James]], and other places, never to come back to his family and profession. When he returned to Majorca he purchased a Muslim slave in order to learn Arabic from him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Llull |first1=Ramon |title=A Contemporary Life, Edited and translated by Anthony Bonner |date=2010 |publisher=Tamesis |location=Barcelona/Woodbridge |isbn=9781855661998 |pages=37–39}}</ref> For the next nine years, until 1274, he engaged in study and contemplation in relative solitude. He read extensively in both Latin and Arabic, learning both Christian and Muslim theological and philosophical thought.<ref>Churchill, Leigh (2004). The Age of Knights & Friars, Popes & Reformers. Milton Keynes: Authentic Media. {{ISBN|1-84227-279-9}}, 9781842272794. p. 190</ref>

In 1270 Llull founded the hermitage of the Holy Trinity in Mallorca, known as Miramar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-12 |title=Ermita de la Trinitat (Hermitage of the Holy Trinity) {{!}} Mallorca Guide, Tourist Attractions, Map |url=https://xmallorca.com/mallorca-churches-cathedrals/ermita-de-la-trinitat-hermitage-of-the-holy-trinity |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Mallorca Guide, Tourist Attractions, Map |language=en-US}}</ref>

Between 1271 and 1274 Llull wrote his first works, a compendium of the Muslim thinker [[Al-Ghazali]]'s logic and the ''Llibre de contemplació en Déu'' (''Book on the Contemplation of God''), a lengthy guide to finding truth through contemplation.

In 1274, while staying at a hermitage on [[Puig de Randa]], the form of the great book Llull was to write was finally given to him through divine revelation: a complex system that he named his ''Art'', which would become the motivation behind most of his life's efforts.

===Missionary work and education===
Llull urged the study of Arabic and other languages in Europe,<ref name="Johnston1996">{{cite book|author=Mark David Johnston|title=The Evangelical Rhetoric of Ramon Llull: Lay Learning and Piety in the Christian West Around 1300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rILmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509005-5|pages=9–}}</ref> in order to convert Muslims and schismatic Christians.<ref name="Blum2013">{{cite book|author=Blum, Paul Richard|title=Philosophy of Religion in the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQBpfzln0zkC&pg=PA1|date=28 June 2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-8071-6|pages=1–}}</ref> He travelled through Europe to meet [[pope]]s, kings, and princes, trying to establish special colleges to prepare future missionaries.<ref>Paul Richard Blum: Philosophy of Religion in the Renaissance. Ashgate 2010, 1-14</ref> In 1276 a language school for Franciscan missionaries was founded at Miramar, funded by the King of Majorca.<ref name=univbarc>{{Cite web |url=http://quisestlullus.narpan.net/eng/1_intro_eng.html |title="Who was Ramon Llull?", Centre de Documentació Ramon Llull, Universitat de Barcelona |access-date=2011-12-29 |archive-date=2013-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313073343/http://quisestlullus.narpan.net/eng/1_intro_eng.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

About 1291 he went to Tunis, preached to the Saracens, disputed with them in philosophy, and after another brief sojourn in Paris, returned to the East as a missionary.<ref name=Turner>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12670c.htm Turner, William. "Raymond Lully." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 31 January 2019</ref> Llull travelled to Tunis a second time in about 1304, and wrote numerous letters to the king of Tunis, but little else is known about this part of his life.<ref name="Classen2018">{{cite book|author=Albrecht Classen|title=Toleration and Tolerance in Medieval European Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1NPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT280|date=5 March 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-00106-9|pages=280–}}</ref>{{sfn|Bonner|1985|pp=10-11, 34-37}}

He returned in 1308, reporting that the conversion of Muslims should be achieved through prayer, not through military force. He finally achieved his goal of linguistic education at major universities in 1311 when the [[Council of Vienne]] ordered the creation of chairs of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic]] and Chaldean ([[Aramaic]]) at the universities of [[Bologna]], [[Oxford]], Paris, and [[Salamanca]] as well as at the Papal Court.<ref name="Classen2018" />

Llull called for the expulsion of Jews who were unwilling to convert to Christianity, and influenced later European monarchs to expel Jews in practice.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2016-07-22/ty-article/.premium/1306-king-philip-expels-all-frances-jews/0000017f-e6b0-dea7-adff-f7fba8f40000 This Day In Jewish History | 1306: King Philip 'The Fair' Expels All France's Jews]</ref>

===Death===
[[File:Llull4.jpg|thumb|Llull's tomb in Palma]]
In 1314, at the age of 82, Llull traveled again to Tunis, possibly prompted by the correspondence between [[James II of Aragon|King James II of Aragon]] and [[Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani|al-Lihyani]], the [[Hafsid]] [[caliphate|caliph]], indicating that the caliph wished to convert to Christianity. Whereas Llull had been met with difficulties during his previous visits to North Africa, he was allowed to operate this time without interference from the authorities due to the improved relations between Tunis and Aragon.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lower |first1=Michael |title=Ibn al-Lihyani: sultan of Tunis and would-be Christian convert (1311–18) |journal=Mediterranean Historical Review |date=2009 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=17–27 |doi=10.1080/09518960903000744|s2cid=161432419 }}</ref>

His last work is dated December 1315 in Tunis. The circumstances of his death remain unknown. He probably died sometime between then and March 1316, either in Tunis, on the ship on the return voyage, or in Majorca upon his return.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Llull |first1=Ramon |title=A Contemporary Life, Edited and translated by Anthony Bonner |date=2010 |publisher=Tamesis |location=Barcelona/Woodbridge |isbn=9781855661998 |pages=10–11}}</ref> Llull's tomb, created in 1448, is in the Franciscan church in Palma, Majorca.<ref>[https://www.illesbalears.travel/tourist-resource/en/mallorca/church-basilica-sant-francesc "Basilica Sant Francesc", Illes Balears]</ref>

He was beatified on 11 September 1847 by Pope Pius IX.