Editing Rapport (section)

== Building rapport ==
There are a number of techniques that are supposed to be beneficial in building rapport. These include matching [[body language]] (i.e., [[Human position|posture]], [[gesture]], etc.);<ref name="Psychological Inquiry"/> indicating attentiveness through maintaining [[eye contact]];<ref name="Intelligent Virtual Agents">{{cite book |last1=Zhao |first1=Ran |last2=Papangelis |first2=Alexandros |last3=Cassell |first3=Justine |chapter=Towards a Dyadic Computational Model of Rapport Management for Human-Virtual Agent Interaction |chapter-url=http://www.articulab.justinecassell.com/publications/Zhao,%20Papangelis,%20Cassell%20IVA2014.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401131303/http://www.articulab.justinecassell.com/publications/Zhao,%20Papangelis,%20Cassell%20IVA2014.pdf|archive-date=2016-04-01 |title=Intelligent Virtual Agents |date=2014 |pages=514–527 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-09767-1_62 |isbn=978-3-319-09767-1 |editor1-last=Bickmore |editor1-first=T. |editor2-last=Marsella |editor2-first=S. |editor3-last=Sidner |editor3-first=C. |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=8637 |publisher=Springer|s2cid=13854040 }}</ref> and matching tempo, terminology, and [[breath]]ing [[rhythm]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Program on Negotiation Staff |date=2022-06-23 |title=Body Language in Negotiation Can Build Rapport—Without Saying a Word |url=https://www.pon.harvard.edu/daily/negotiation-skills-daily/build-rapport-without-saying-a-word-nb/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School |language=en-US}}</ref> In conversation, some verbal behaviors associated with increased rapport are the use of positivity (or, positive "face management"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Alexander E. |date=2015 |title=Face Management Theory: Modern Conceptualizations and Future Directions |url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1021/face-management-theory-modern-conceptualizations-and-future-directions |journal=Inquiries Journal |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4}}</ref>), sharing personal information of gradually increasing intimacy (or, "[[self-disclosure]]"), and reference to shared interests or experiences.<ref name="Intelligent Virtual Agents"/>

Building rapport can improve community-based research tactics, assist in finding a partner, improve student-teacher relationships, and allow employers to gain trust in employees.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Le Dantec |first1=Christopher A. |last2=Fox |first2=Sarah |title=Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing |chapter=Strangers at the Gate: Gaining Access, Building Rapport, and Co-Constructing Community-Based Research |date=2015-02-28 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675147|chapter-url-access=subscription |series=CSCW '15 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=1348–1358 |doi=10.1145/2675133.2675147 |isbn=978-1-4503-2922-4|s2cid=2989347 }}</ref>

Building rapport takes time. [[Extraversion and introversion|Extroverts]] tend to have an easier time building rapport than [[Extraversion and introversion|introverts]]. Extraversion accelerates the process due to an increase in confidence and skillfulness in social settings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duffy |first1=Korrina A. |last2=Chartrand |first2=Tanya L. |date=November 2015 |title=The Extravert Advantage: How and When Extraverts Build Rapport With Other People |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797615600890|url-access=subscription|journal=Psychological Science |language=en |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1795–1802 |doi=10.1177/0956797615600890 |pmid=26408038 |s2cid=26416585 |issn=0956-7976}}</ref>

=== Methods ===

==== Coordination ====
Coordination, also called "mirroring"<ref name="Psychological Inquiry"/> means getting into rhythm with another person, or resembling their verbal or nonverbal behaviors:
; Emotional mirroring : Empathizing with someone's emotional state by being on 'their side'. One listens for key words and problems so one can address and question them to better one's understanding of what the other person is saying and demonstrate empathy towards them.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mallette |first1=Claire |title=Arnold and Boggs's interpersonal relationships: professional communication skills for Canadian nurses |year=2022 |first2=Olive|last2= Yonge|editor-first1=Elizabeth|editor-last1=Arnold|editor-first2=Kathleen Underman|editor-last2=Boggs |isbn=978-0-323-76366-0 |location=Toronto, Ont. |oclc=1336862012}}</ref>
; Posture mirroring : Matching the tone of a person's body language not through direct imitation (as this can appear as mockery) but through mirroring the general message of their posture and energy.
; Tone and tempo mirroring : Matching the tone, tempo, inflection, and volume of another person's voice.

==== Mutual attentiveness ====
Another way to build rapport is for each partner to indicate their attentiveness to the other.<ref name="Psychological Inquiry"/> This attentiveness may take the form of nonverbal attentiveness, such as looking at the other person,<ref name="Intelligent Virtual Agents"/> nodding at appropriate moments, or physical proximity, as seen in work on teachers' "immediacy" behaviors in the classroom.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Attentiveness might also be demonstrated through reciprocation of nonverbal behaviors like smiling or nodding, in a similar way to the coordination technique,<ref name="Psychological Inquiry"/> or in the reciprocal sharing of personal details about the other person that signal one's knowledge and attentiveness to their needs.<ref name="Intelligent Virtual Agents"/>

==== Commonality ====
Commonality is the technique of deliberately finding something in common with a person in order to build a sense of camaraderie<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camaraderie |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/camaraderie |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Merriam-Webster |language=en}}</ref> and trust.
This is done through references to shared interests, dislikes, and experiences. By sharing personal details or self-disclosing personal preferences or information, interlocutors can build commonality, and thus increase rapport.<ref name="Intelligent Virtual Agents"/>

==== Face management ====
Another way to build rapport is through "positive face management",<ref name="Politeness Research">{{cite journal|last1=Spencer-Oatey|first1=Helen|title=(Im)Politeness, Face and Perceptions of Rapport: Unpackaging their Bases and Interrelationships|journal=Politeness Research|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=95–119|doi=10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.95|s2cid=144581286}}</ref> (or, more simply: positivity). According to some psychologists,<ref name="Politeness Research"/> we have a need to be seen in a positive light, known as our "face". By managing each other's "face", boosting it when necessary, or reducing negative impacts to it, we build rapport with others.<ref name="Politeness Research"/>