Editing Raymond Washington (section)

==Biography==
===Early life===
Raymond Lee Washington was born in Los Angeles, California, on August 14, 1953, the youngest of four sons to Violet Samuel and Reginald Cecil Washington.<ref>California Birth Index, Name: Raymond Lee Washington, Birth Date: August 14, 1953, and September 8, 1953, Gender: Male, Mother's Maiden Name: Samuel, Birth County: Los Angeles.</ref> His parents [[Marital separation|separated]] when he was two years old, and he was raised by his mother and stepfather. He grew up on East 76th Street, between Wadsworth Avenue and [[Central Avenue (Los Angeles)|Central Avenue]]s in Los Angeles' [[South Los Angeles|South Central]].<ref name=laweekly.com/> Washington had a half-brother, Derard S. Barton, from his mother's second marriage. Although Raymond Lee Washington was raised mostly by his mother and stepfather, he was still close to his father's brother, Willard D. Washington, who worked for the [[United States Department of the Interior|United States Department of Interior]] as an analytical chemist from 1959-1968 and as a forensic chemist for the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] from 1968-1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obituary information for Willard Donald Washington |url=https://www.pumphreyfuneralhome.com/obituaries/obituary-listings?obId=2465589 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.pumphreyfuneralhome.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to neighbors of Washington, he developed an affinity for [[fist-fighting]] as an adolescent, and was constantly in trouble with the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] for various offenses. Washington's mother is quoted as saying, "Raymond was a good kid when he was a boy. Raymond didn't go out of his way to fight or do anything bad, but if someone came to him, he would protect himself. And he was well built. He tried to protect the community and keep the bad guys out. But after a while, every time I looked up, the police were coming to the house looking for Raymond."<ref name=laweekly.com/> Some neighbors remembered Washington differently: Lorrie Griffin Moss, who resided across the street from Washington on E 76th Street, said, "I don't have a whole lot of good to say about Raymond. Raymond was a bully. A muscular bully. He wouldn't let anybody from outside our neighborhood bother us. He would bother us. Raymond could be very mean."<ref name=laweekly.com/> A friend stated that Washington was a good [[American football|football]] player, but never participated as a member of school sports team due to his poor grades. Washington was repeatedly [[expulsion (academia)|expelled]] from schools resulting in frequent transfers, attending [[Locke High School]], [[John C. Fremont High School]], an [[alternative school]] attached to [[Washington Preparatory High School]], and [[Fairfax High School (Los Angeles)|Fairfax High School]] in the [[Fairfax District, Los Angeles|Fairfax District]] near [[West Hollywood, California|West Hollywood]].

===Gang involvement===
In the late 1960s, there was an increase in [[Juvenile delinquency|youth crime]] in Los Angeles, particularly in and around South Central's [[Watts, Los Angeles|Watts]] neighborhood. Crime was especially prevalent in the three [[public housing|housing projects]] located in Watts, known as "the Bricks": [[Imperial Courts]], [[Nickerson Gardens]], and [[Jordan Downs]], where violent street robberies were common among adolescent criminals. Older African-American street [[gang]]s in South Central, like the Slausons, the Businessmen, and the Gladiators, had been ended by activist groups such as the [[Black Panther Party]] and the [[US Organization]]. The absence of the old gangs saw numerous new youth gangs begin to form in their place, including the Sportsmans Park, New House Boys, Acey Ducey, and Chain Gang, on West Side.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

Washington, a native of the East Side in his early teens during the rise of the gangs, joined a local street gang called The Avenues, led by another teenager named Craig Munson. At age 15, Washington beat up Munson's younger brother in a fist fight after discovering Munson had put a gun to his older brother, Reggie Washington. After the fight, Washington and one of his other older brothers, Ronald Joe, confronted Munson on the corner of E 81st Street and Avalon Boulevard. According to former gang members who knew Washington at the time, he was subsequently beaten up by Craig Munson in retaliation for his younger brother's beating, and Washington left The Avenues. In late 1969, Washington organized his own gang called the Baby Avenues, recruiting a group of other neighborhood youths in South Central. The Baby Avenues wanted to emulate a gang of older youths called The Avenue Boys, which had been active since 1964 on Central Avenue.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

====Unification of South Central gangs====
{{Main articles|Debate over the origins of the Crips gang}}
In 1971, Washington approached [[Stanley Williams|Stanley "Tookie" Williams]], a similar gang leader from South Central's West Side who used his reputation as a fist fighter to unite gangs under his control, at Washington Preparatory High School where both were attending. Washington had heard of Williams through a mutual friend, who had informed Washington of Williams' toughness and his willingness to fight members of larger, more established street gangs such as the L.A. Brims and the Chain Gang. According to Williams' account of the meeting, what struck him about Washington was that, besides being incredibly muscular, he and his cohort were dressed similar to Williams and his clique, wearing leather jackets with starched [[Levi Strauss & Co.|Levi's]] jeans and suspenders. Washington proposed to Williams they form a [[confederation]] of the gangs under their influence in their respective areas along with another teenage gang leader called Mac Thomas in [[Compton, California|Compton]], to form a single large street gang. The proposal would see Williams' gangs adopt the Crip branding and would be allied with other Crip gangs outside of the West Side, but would retain ultimate leadership in the East Side. Williams accepted Washington's proposal, uniting the West Side gangs under his influence as the West Side Crips.

The Crips quickly established themselves as the largest street gang in Los Angeles, with increasing numbers and territory as their influence spread across low-income black neighborhoods. Washington, Williams and Thomas effectively held a [[monopoly]] on criminal activity in these areas, and became the dominant [[Boss (crime)|crime bosses]]. Street gangs that had resisted being absorbed into the Crips soon formed their own confederate alliance, the [[Bloods]], to protect their independence and their interests in the criminal market. The founding of the Bloods sparked an instant rivalry between the new large gangs that saw a surge in [[violent crime]] in Los Angeles, as neighboring Crip and Blood sets began using increasing violence to fight over territory and personal feuds. With the rise of media coverage, which put these new violent gangs on the [[Newspaper|front page]], soon many disaffected black youths were running to join the Crips, many without ever being contacted by gang leaders. One story at the time stated:<ref name=lycos.com>{{cite web|title=Crips |publisher=Lycos.com |url=http://lycos.com/info/crips.html |access-date=January 15, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228085102/http://www.lycos.com/info/crips.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|One of the gangs,  in the area is known as the Crips which started out at Washington High School as an [[extortion]] and [[terrorism|terror]] organization and spread to other schools where the gang members enrolled after being expelled from Washington, the police said.

The Police also said that this gang has been spreading "like an octopus" and now has members throughout South-Central Los Angeles, [[Inglewood, California|Inglewood]], [[Gardena, California|Gardena]], Compton, [[Lynwood, California|Lynwood]], [[Lancaster, California|Lancaster]], [[Palmdale, California|Palmdale]], the Firestone [unincorporated] area and the [[San Fernando Valley]].

Gang members, to identify themselves, wear black gloves on their right hands and gold-colored earrings in their right ears, which are pierced, according to police. They sometimes carry [[Walking stick|canes]], which they use as [[weapon]]s.

There are two stories circulating on the derivation of the word Crips. One is that it stands for a cripple, because some of the founders were injured and had to carry canes for a time. The other is that the founders once wore [[Afro]]-style hairdos and their parents made them "crip it."{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}}}

Within a few years, much of the original Crip leadership were either imprisoned or dead. On February 23, 1973, Curtis "Buddha" Morrow, a close friend of Tookie Williams and a high-ranking Crip [[Mob enforcer|enforcer]], was shot to death in South Central following a petty argument. Mac Thomas was murdered under mysterious circumstances in the mid-1970s.