Editing Refinery (section)

==Types of refineries==

Different types of refineries are as follows:

* [[oil refinery|Petroleum oil refinery]], which converts [[crude oil]] into [[Octane rating|high-octane]] motor spirit ([[gasoline]]/petrol), [[diesel oil]], [[liquefied petroleum gas]]es (LPG), [[kerosene]], heating [[fuel oil]]s, hexane, [[lubricating oil]]s, [[bitumen]], and [[petroleum coke]]
* [[Cooking oil#Refinement|Edible oil refinery]] which converts [[cooking oil]] into a product that is uniform in taste, smell and appearance, and stability
*[[Natural gas processing]] plant, which purifies and converts raw natural gas into residential, commercial and industrial fuel gas, and also recovers [[natural gas liquids]] (NGL) such as [[ethane]], [[propane]], [[butane]]s and [[pentane]]s
* [[Sugar refinery]], which converts [[sugar]] cane and sugar beets into crystallized sugar and sugar syrups
* [[Salt refinery]], which cleans common salt ([[Sodium chloride|NaCl]]), produced by the [[Sodium chloride#Production and use|solar evaporation]] of sea water, followed by washing and [[Crystallization|re-crystallization]]
* Metal refineries refining metals such as [[alumina]], [[copper]], [[gold]], [[lead]], [[nickel]], [[silver]], [[uranium]], [[zinc]], [[magnesium]] and [[cobalt]]
* Iron refining, a stage of refining [[pig iron]] (typically grey cast iron to white cast iron), before [[finery forge|fining]], which converts pig iron into bar iron or steel<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/40301278/HISTORY_OF_METALLURGY_2nd_Edition?email_work_card=thumbnail A HISTORY OF METALLURGY], 2nd edition, 1992, R. F. Tylecote, {{ISBN|1-902653-79-3}}, p.126</ref>

===A typical oil refinery===
{{Main|Oil refinery}}
The image below is a schematic [[Process flow diagram|flow diagram]] of a typical oil refinery depicting various unit processes and the flow of intermediate products between the inlet [[crude oil feedstock]] and the final products.  The diagram depicts only one of the hundreds of different configurations. It does not include any of the usual facilities providing utilities such as steam, cooling water, and electric power as well as [[storage tank]]s for crude oil feedstock and for intermediate products and end products.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gary, J.H.  |author2=Handwerk, G.E. |name-list-style=amp |title=Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics|edition=2nd|publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc|year=1984|isbn=0-8247-7150-8}}</ref><ref>[http://www.chevron.com/products/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/motorgas/3_refining-testing/pg2.asp Guide to Refining] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808061657/http://www.chevron.com/products/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/motorgas/3_refining-testing/pg2.asp |date=2006-08-08 }} from [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron Oil]]'s website</ref><ref>[http://www.uop.com/refining/1010.html Refinery flowchart] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628032708/http://www.uop.com/refining/1010.html |date=2006-06-28 }} from  [[UOP LLC|Universal Oil Products]]' website</ref><ref>[http://www.cheresources.com/refining15.gif An example flowchart] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222133017/http://www.cheresources.com/refining15.gif |date=2005-12-22 }} of fractions from crude oil at a refinery</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Oil Refining
|author= Gunter Alfke, Walther W. Irion & Otto S. Neuwirth
|year=2007
|doi= 10.1002/14356007.a18_051.pub2
|encyclopedia= Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|isbn= 978-3527306732
}}</ref>
{{Image frame
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RefineryFlow.svg
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| caption = Schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery
| link    = File:RefineryFlow.svg
}}

===Natural gas processing plant===
{{Main|Natural gas processing}}
The image below is a schematic [[Process flow diagram|block flow diagram]] of a typical natural gas processing plant. It shows various unit processes converting raw natural gas into gas pipelined to end users.

The block flow diagram also shows how processing of the raw natural gas yields byproduct sulfur, byproduct ethane, and natural gas liquids (NGL) propane, butanes and natural gasoline (denoted as pentanes +).<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/feature_articles/2006/ngprocess/ngprocess.pdf ''Natural Gas Processing: The Crucial Link Between Natural Gas Production and Its Transportation to Market''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304003407/http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/feature_articles/2006/ngprocess/ngprocess.pdf |date=2011-03-04 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.uop.com/uop-natural-gas-capabilities/ ''Example Gas Plant Flow Diagram'']</ref><ref>[http://www.axens.net/upload/presentations/fichier/axens_gpagcc_2004v2.pdf ''From Purification to Liquefaction Gas Processing''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115055706/http://www.axens.net/upload/presentations/fichier/axens_gpagcc_2004v2.pdf |date=2010-01-15 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.spe.org/specma/binary/files/5804785Syn10682.pdf ''Feed-Gas Treatment Design for the Pearl GTL Project'']</ref><ref>[http://lnglicensing.conocophillips.com/NR/rdonlyres/B78B6727-E5F4-4505-B9C3-96CC94D7B30D/7357/AICHELNGNGLIntegrationPaper.pdf ''Benefits of integrating NGL extraction and LNG liquefaction'']</ref>

{{Image frame
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<gallery mode=packed heights=734>
NatGasProcessing.svg
</gallery>
| caption = Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant
| link    = File:NatGasProcessing.svg
}}

===Sugar refining===
Sugar is generally produced from [[sugarcane]] or [[sugar beet]]s. As the global production of sugar from sugarcane is at least twice the production from sugar beets, this section focuses on sugarcane.<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite encyclopedia|author1=Hubert Schiweck |author2=Margaret Clarke |author3=Günter Pollach |year=2007 |title=Sugar |encyclopedia=Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |publisher=Wiley-VCH |location=Weinheim |doi=10.1002/14356007.a25_345.pub2 |isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref>

====Milling====
{{Main|Sugar mill}}
[[Image:Cut sugarcane.jpg|thumb|right|Harvested sugar cane ready for processing]]
Sugarcane is traditionally refined into sugar in two stages. In the first stage, raw sugar is produced by the milling of harvested sugarcane. In a sugar mill, sugarcane is washed, chopped, and shredded by revolving knives. The shredded cane is mixed with water and crushed. The juices (containing 10-15 percent [[sucrose]]) are collected and mixed with [[lime (mineral)|lime]] to adjust [[pH]] to 7, prevent decay into [[glucose]] and [[fructose]], and precipitate impurities. The lime and other suspended solids are settled out, and the clarified juice is concentrated in a [[multiple-effect evaporator]] to make a syrup with about 60 weight percent sucrose. The syrup is further concentrated under [[vacuum]] until it becomes [[supersaturation|supersaturated]] and is then seeded with [[crystalline]] sugar. Upon cooling, sugar crystallizes out of the syrup. [[Centrifuge|Centrifuging]] then separates the sugar from the remaining liquid (molasses). Raw sugar has a yellow to brown color. Sugar is sometimes consumed locally at this stage but usually undergoes further purification.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Shore, M.|author2=Broughton, N.W.|author3=Dutton, J.V. |author4=Sissons, A.|title=Factors affecting white sugar colour|journal=Sugar Technology Reviews|year=1984|volume=12 |pages=1–99 |url=http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot212.nsf/veritydisplay/0e668870c18d6ed0852576ab00772bef/$file/a-n-sugar_ph_sulfitation_a.pdf}}</ref> [[Sulfur dioxide]] is bubbled through the cane juice subsequent to crystallization in a process known as "sulfitation". This process inhibits color forming reactions and stabilizes the sugar juices to produce "mill white" or "plantation white" sugar.

The fibrous solids, called ''[[bagasse]]'', remaining after the crushing of the shredded sugarcane are burned for fuel which helps a sugar mill to become self-sufficient in energy. Any excess bagasse can be used for animal feed, to produce paper, or burned to generate electricity for the local power grid.

====Refining====
{{Main|Sugar refinery}}
[[Image:ArabiDominoSugarFromAlgiers19May06A.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Sugar refinery in [[Arabi, Louisiana]], United States]]
The second stage is often executed in heavy sugar-consuming regions such as [[North America]], [[Europe]], and [[Japan]]. In the second stage, white sugar is produced that is more than 99 percent pure [[sucrose]]. In such refineries, raw sugar is further purified by [[Fractional crystallization (chemistry)|fractional crystallization]].