Editing Reflective array antenna (section)

==Basic concepts==
===Radio signals===
When a radio signal passes a conductor, it [[Electromagnetic induction|induces an electrical current]] in it. Since the radio signal fills space, and the conductor has a finite size, the induced currents add up or cancel out as they move along the conductor. A basic goal of antenna design is to make the currents add up to a maximum at the point where the energy is tapped off. To do this, the antenna elements are sized in relation to the wavelength of the radio signal, with the aim of setting up [[standing wave]]s of current that are maximized at the feed point.

This means that an antenna designed to receive a particular wavelength has a natural size. To improve reception, one cannot simply make the antenna larger; this will improve the amount of signal intercepted by the antenna, which is largely a function of area, but will lower the efficiency of the reception (at a given wavelength). Thus, in order to improve reception, antenna designers often use multiple elements, combining them together so their signals add up. These are known as ''[[Antenna array (electromagnetic)|antenna arrays]]''.

===Array phasing===
In order for the signals to add together, they need to arrive [[phase (waves)|in-phase]]. Consider two [[dipole antenna]]s placed in a line end-to-end, or ''collinear''. If the resulting array is pointed directly at the source signal, both dipoles will see the same instantaneous signal, and thus their reception will be in-phase. However, if one were to rotate the antenna so it was at an angle to the signal, the extra path from the signal to the more distant dipole means it receives the signal slightly out of phase. When the two signals are then added up, they no longer strictly reinforce each other, and the output drops. This makes the array more sensitive horizontally, while stacking the dipoles in parallel narrows the pattern vertically. This allows the designer to tailor the reception pattern, and thus the [[Antenna gain|gain]], by moving the elements about.

If the antenna is properly aligned with the signal, at any given instant in time, all of the elements in an array will receive the same signal and be in-phase. However, the output from each element has to be gathered up at a single feed point, and as the signals travel across the antenna to that point, their phase is changing. In a two-element array this is not a problem because the feed point can be placed between them; any phase shift taking place in the transmission lines is equal for both elements. However, if one extends this to a four-element array, this approach no longer works, as the signal from the outer pair has to travel further and will thus be at a different phase than the inner pair when it reaches the center. To ensure that they all arrive with the same phase, it is common to see additional transmission wire inserted in the signal path, or for the transmission line to be crossed over to reverse the phase if the difference is greater than {{frac|2}} a wavelength.

===Reflectors===
The gain can be further improved through the addition of a ''reflector''. Generally any conductor in a flat sheet will act in a mirror-like fashion for radio signals, but this also holds true for non-continuous surfaces as long as the gaps between the conductors are less than about {{fract|10}} of the target wavelength.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://radiojove.gsfc.nasa.gov/class/educ/radio/tran-rec/exerc/iono.htm |title= The Effects of Earth's Upper Atmosphere on Radio Signals |website=NASA}}</ref> This means that wire mesh or even parallel wires or metal bars can be used, which is especially useful both for reducing the total amount of material as well as reducing wind loads.

Due to the change in signal propagation direction on reflection, the signal undergoes a reversal of phase. In order for the reflector to add to the output signal, it has to reach the elements in-phase. Generally this would require the reflector to be placed at {{frac|4}} of a wavelength behind the elements, and this can be seen in many common reflector arrays like [[television antenna]]s. However, there are a number of factors that can change this distance, and actual reflector positioning varies.

Reflectors also have the advantage of reducing the signal received from the back of the antenna. Signals received from the rear and re-broadcast from the reflector have not undergone a change of phase, and do not add to the signal from the front. This greatly improves the [[front-to-back ratio]] of the antenna, making it more directional. This can be useful when a more directional signal is desired, or unwanted signals are present. There are cases when this is not desirable, and although reflectors are commonly seen in array antennas, they are not universal. For instance, while UHF television antennas often use an array of [[bowtie antenna]]s with a reflector, a bowtie array without a reflector is a relatively common design in the [[microwave]] region.<ref>{{cite book |chapter= Wideband printed bowtie array for spectrum monitoring |first=S. |last=Raut |date=July 2014 |pages=235–236 |doi= 10.1109/APS.2014.6904449 |title= 2014 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI) |isbn= 978-1-4799-3540-6 |s2cid=42085218 }}</ref>

===Gain limits===
As more elements are added to an array, the [[beamwidth]] of the antenna's main lobe decreases, leading to an increase in gain. In theory there is no limit to this process. However, as the number of elements increases, the complexity of the required feed network that keeps the signals in-phase increases. Ultimately, the rising inherent losses in the feed network become greater than the additional gain achieved with more elements, limiting the maximum gain that can be achieved.

 [[File:Standard gain dipole array.png|thumb|Two element dipole array in front of a one wavelength square reflector used as gain standard]]The gain of practical array antennas is limited to about 25–30&nbsp;dB. Two half wave elements spaced a half wave apart and a quarter wave from a reflecting screen have been used as a standard gain antenna with about 9.8 dBi at its design frequency.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.schwarzbeck.de/en/antennas/standard-gain-antennas.html |title = Standard Gain Antennas}}</ref> Common 4-bay television antennas have gains around 10 to 12&nbsp;dB,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelmaster.com/Digital_HDTV_Outdoor_TV_Antenna_p/cm-4221hd.htm |title= ULTRAtenna 60 |website=Channel Master}}</ref> and 8-bay designs might increase this to 12 to 16&nbsp;dB.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelmaster.com/CM_4228HD_p/cm-4228hd.htm |title=  EXTREMEtenna 80 |website=Channel Master}}</ref> The 32-element [[SCR-270]] had a gain around 19.8&nbsp;dB.<ref>{{cite book |url={{GBurl|k7g4BQAAQBAJ|p=460}} |title=Radio Wave Propagation |page=460|isbn=978-1-4832-5854-6|last1=Burrows |first1=Chas. R. |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Academic Press }}</ref> Some very large reflective arrays have been constructed, notably the Soviet [[Duga radar]]s which are hundreds of meters (yards) across and contain hundreds of elements. ''Active'' array antennas, in which groups of elements are driven by separate RF amplifiers, can have much higher gain, but are prohibitively expensive.

Since the 1980s, versions for use at [[microwave]] frequencies have been made with [[patch antenna]] elements mounted in front of a metal surface.<ref>{{cite book|last=Huang|first=john|title=Reflectarray antennas}}</ref>