Editing Reflexive verb (section)

==Indo-European languages==
[[Romance language|Romance]] and [[Slavic languages]] make extensive use of reflexive verbs and reflexive forms.

In the [[Romance language]]s, there are nonemphatic [[clitic]] reflexive pronouns and emphatic ones. In [[Spanish language|Spanish]], for example, the particle {{lang|es|se}} encliticizes to the verb's infinitive, gerund, and imperative ({{lang|es|lavarse}} {{gloss|to wash oneself}}), while in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], the particle procliticizes to the verb ({{lang|ro|a se spăla}} {{gloss|to wash oneself}}). Full reflexive pronouns or pronominal phrases are added for emphasis or disambiguation: {{lang|es|Me cuido a mí mismo}} "I take care of myself" ({{lang|es|mismo}} {{gloss|-self, same}} combines with the [[prepositional pronoun|prepositional form]] of the pronoun {{lang|es|mí}} {{gloss|my}} to form an [[intensive pronoun|intensive]] reflexive pronoun).

The enclitic reflexive pronoun ''sa''/''se''/''si''/''się'' is used in Western and South Slavic languages, while Eastern Slavic languages use the suffix -''sja'' (-ся). There is also the non-clitic emphatic pronoun ''sebja''/''себя'', used to emphasize the reflexive nature of the act; it is applicable only to "true" reflexive verbs, where the agent performs a (transitive) action on itself.

The Slavic languages use the same reflexive pronoun for all [[grammatical person|persons]] and [[grammatical number|numbers]], while the Romance and [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] ones have a special third person pronoun that cliticizes and [[West_Germanic_languages|the other Germanic ones]] do as well without cliticizing. This is illustrated in the following table for the word "to recall" (e.g., {{lang|fr|[[Je me souviens]]}} means "I recall", {{lang|fr|Tu te souviens}} means "You recall", and so on).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[French language|French]]
! [[Danish language|Danish]]
! [[Serbo-Croatian]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
! Singular
| {{lang|fr|Je ''me'' souviens|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|da|Jeg lægger ''mig''|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|sh|Ja ''se'' sjećam|italic=unset}}
|-
! Plural
| {{lang|fr|Nous ''nous'' souvenons|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|da|Vi lægger ''os''|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|sh|Mi ''se'' sjećamo|italic=unset}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! Singular
| {{lang|fr|Tu ''te'' souviens|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|da|Du lægger ''dig''|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|sh|Ti ''se'' sjećaš|italic=unset}}
|-
! Plural
| {{lang|fr|Vous ''vous'' souvenez|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|da|I lægger ''jer''|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|sh|Vi ''se'' sjećate|italic=unset}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! Singular
| {{lang|fr|Il ''se'' souvient|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|da|Han lægger ''sig''|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|sh|On ''se'' sjeća|italic=unset}}
|-
! Plural
| {{lang|fr|Ils ''se'' souviennent|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|da|De lægger ''sig''|italic=unset}}
| {{lang|sh|Oni ''se'' sjećaju|italic=unset}}
|}

In all of these language groups, reflexive forms often present an obstacle for foreign learners<ref name="Davies">{{cite web|url=http://www.ugr.es/~talc6/talc_search/proceedings/74.html|title=Syntactic features, register variation, and the language learner: the case of se in Spanish.|author1=Mark Davies|author2=James Jones|author3=Nicole Tracy|publisher=Ugr.es|access-date=2015-05-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311050637/http://www.ugr.es/~talc6/talc_search/proceedings/74.html|archive-date=2013-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spanish.about.com/library/beginning/aa-beg-verbs-reflexive.htm|title=Reflexive Verbs: An Introduction|publisher=Spanish.about.com|access-date=2015-05-29}}</ref> (notably native speakers of English,{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} where the feature is practically absent) due to the variety of uses. Even in languages which contain the feature, it is not always applicable to the same verbs and uses (although a common subset can be generally extracted, as outlined below). For example, the Spanish reflexive construct "''se hundió el barco''" ("the boat sank") has no reflexive equivalent in some Slavic languages (which use an intransitive equivalent of ''sink''), though for example [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]] do use a reflexive verb: "loď se potopila"/"loď sa potopila". 
Reflexive verbs can have a variety of uses and meanings, which often escape consistent classification. Some language-common identified uses are outlined below.<ref name="Rivero">{{cite web|url=http://aix1.uottawa.ca/~romlab/5PDF-Leipzig.pdf|title=On Impersonal se / się in Slavic|author1=María Luisa Rivero|author2=Milena M. Sheppard|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Current Issues in Formal Slavic Linguistics. G. Zybatow, et al., Eds. 137-147. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main. 2002.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205071800/http://aix1.uottawa.ca/~romlab/5PDF-Leipzig.pdf |archive-date=2007-02-05}}</ref> For example, Davies et al.<ref name="Davies"/> identify 12 uses for Spanish reflexive constructions, while Vinogradov<ref>{{cite book |title=Russkiy Yazik: Grammatičeskoe učenie o slove |author=V. V. Vinogradov |year=1947 |location=Moscow}}</ref> divides [[Russian language|Russian]] reflexive verbs into as many as 16 groups.

Martin Haspelmath also has a useful distinction between the reflexive types mentioned below, which he calls introverted reflexives, and so-called extroverted reflexives, which are used for verbs that are usually not reflexive, like hate oneself, love oneself, hear oneself, and kill oneself. Some Indo-European languages have a different reflexive morpheme for extroverted reflexives. For example:
*The [[Russian language|Russian]] ненавидеть себя (nenavidet' sebja) "to hate oneself", which uses a reflexive pronoun, compares to мыться (myt'-sja) "to wash (oneself)", which uses a reflexive suffix (Russian can also say мыть себя (myt' sebja), with a reflexive pronoun, but only when the pronoun needs to be stressed for emphasis or contrast). 
*Or [[Dutch language|Dutch]] "zij haat zichzelf" "she hates herself", versus "zij wast zich" "she washes (herself)". 
*The distinction exists similarly in English, where introverted reflexive verbs usually have no reflexive pronoun, unlike extroverted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwwstaff.eva.mpg.de/~haspelmt/Berlin04.pdf |title=A frequentist explanation of some universals of reflexive marking |author=MARTIN HASPELMATH |publisher=Staff.eva.mpg.de |access-date=2015-05-29}}</ref> 
*In [[ancient Greek]], the introverted reflexive was expressed using the [[Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]] rather than a pronoun. Similarly, in modern Greek, it is expressed using the middle usage of the mediopassive voice. On the other hand, the extroverted reflexive was a true reflexive in ancient Greek and modern Greek. 
*Similarly, [[Claire Moyse-Faurie]] distinguishes between middle and reflexive in [[Oceanic languages]].<ref>Claire Moyse-Faurie. Reflexives markers in Oceanic languages. Studia Linguistica, In press, 71 (1/2), pp.107-135. ffhal-02875517f</ref>

===Properly reflexive===
{{uncited section|date=August 2024}}
The "true" (literal) reflexive denotes that the [[agent (linguistics)|agent]] is simultaneously the [[patient (linguistics)|patient]]. The verb is typically [[transitive verb|transitive]] and can be used in non-reflexive meaning as well.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Language
!Examples
!Compare
|-
!English
|Peter ''washes'' [himself].
|Peter ''washes'' the cat.
|-
!French
|{{lang|fr|Pierre ''se lave''.|italic=unset}} (Verb: {{wikt-lang|fr|se laver}})
|{{lang|fr|Pierre ''lave'' le chat.|italic=unset}}
|-
!Spanish
|{{lang|es|Pedro ''se lava''.|italic=unset}} (Verb: {{wikt-lang|es|lavarse}})
|{{lang|es|Pedro ''lava'' el gato.|italic=unset}}
|-
!Portuguese
|O Pedro ''lava-se''. (Verb: lavar)
|O Pedro ''lava'' o gato.
|-
!Italian
|Pietro ''si lava''.
|Pietro ''lava'' il gatto.
|-
!Catalan
|En Pere ''es renta''.
|En Pere ''renta'' el gat.
|-
!Galician
|Pedro ''lávase''.
|Pedro ''lava'' o gato.
|-
!Romanian
|Petre ''se spală''.
|Petre ''spală'' pisica.
|-
!Serbo-Croatian
|Petar ''se kupa''.
|Petar ''kupa'' mačku.
|-
!Slovene
|Peter ''se umiva''.
|Peter ''umiva'' mačko.
|-
!Bulgarian
|Петър ''се мие.''<br>{{translit|bg|Petăr ''se mie.''|italic=unset}}
|Петър ''мие'' котката.<br>{{translit|bg|Petăr ''mie'' kotkata.|italic=unset}}
|-
!Polish
|Piotr ''się kąpie''.
|Piotr ''kąpie'' kota.
|-
!Russian
|Пётр ''моется''.<br>{{translit|ru|Pjotr ''mojetsja''.|italic=unset}}
|Пётр ''моет'' котa.<br>{{translit|ru|Pjotr ''mojet'' kota.|italic=unset}}
|-
!German
|Peter ''wäscht sich''.
|Peter ''wäscht'' die Katze.
|-
!Danish
|Peter ''vasker sig''.
|Peter ''vasker'' katten.
|-
!Swedish
|Peter ''tvättar sig''.
|Peter ''tvättar'' katten.
|-
! rowspan="2"|Lithuanian
|Petras ''prausiasi''.
| rowspan="2"|Petras ''prausia'' katę.
|-
|Petras ''prausia save''.
|-
!Czech
|Petr ''se koupe''.
|Petr ''koupe'' kočku.
|}

===Reciprocal===
{{see also|Reciprocal pronoun}}
{{uncited section|date=August 2024}}

"Reciprocal" reflexive denotes that the agents perform the mutual actions among themselves, as in English constructions using "each other". In most cases, the transitive verbs are also used.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Language
!Examples
!Compare
|-
!English
|Мary and Peter ''kiss'' [each other].
|Mary ''kisses'' Peter.
|-
!French
|{{lang|fr|Marie et Pierre ''s'embrassent''|italic=unset}}
|{{lang|fr|Marie ''embrasse'' Pierre|italic=unset}}
|-
!Spanish
|María y Pedro ''se besan'' (Infinitive: besarse).
|María ''besa'' a Pedro.
|-
!Portuguese
|A Maria e o Pedro ''beijam-se'' (Verb: beijar).
|A Maria ''beija'' o Pedro.
|-
!Italian
|Maria e Pietro ''si baciano''.
|Maria ''bacia'' Pietro.
|-
!Catalan
|La Maria i en Pere ''es fan un petó''.
|La Maria ''fa un petó'' {{not a typo|a}} en Pere.
|-
!Galician
|María e Pedro ''bícanse''.
|María ''bica'' a Pedro.
|-
!Romanian
|Мaria și Petre ''se sărută''.
|Maria ''sărută'' pe Petre.
|-
!Serbo-Croatian
|Marija i Petar ''se ljube''.
|Marija ''ljubi'' Petra.
|-
!Slovene
|Marija in Petar ''se poljubita''.
|Marija ''poljubi'' Petra.
|-
!Bulgarian
|Мария и Петър ''се целуват.''<br>{{translit|bg|Mariya i Petăr ''se celuvat.''}}
|Мария ''целува'' Петър.<br>{{translit|bg|Mariya ''celuva'' Petăr.}}
|-
!Polish
|Maria i Piotr ''się całują''.
|Maria ''całuje'' Piotra.
|-
!Russian
|Мария и Пётр ''целуются''.<br>{{translit|ru|Marija i Pjotr ''celujutsja''.}}
|Мария ''целуeт'' Петрa.<br>{{translit|ru|Marija ''celujet'' Petra.}}
|-
!Danish
|Maria og Peter ''kysser hinanden''.
|Maria ''kysser'' Peter.
|-
!German
|Maria und Peter ''küssen sich'' (/'' küssen  einander)''.
|Maria ''küsst'' Peter.
|-
!Lithuanian
|Marija ir Petras ''bučiuojasi''.
|Marija ''bučiuoja'' Petrą.
|-
!Hebrew
|מאיה ופאר ''מתנשקים.''<br>{{translit|he|Maya ve-Pe'er ''mitnashkim.''}}
|מאיה ''מנשקת'' את פאר.<br>{{translit|he|Maya ''menasheket'' et Pe'er.}}
|}

In modern Scandinavian languages, the passive (or more properly [[mediopassive]]) voice is used for medial, especially reciprocal, constructions. Some examples from Danish are:

:''Maria og Peter skændes''; "Mary and Peter are bickering", lit. "Mary and Peter are scolded by each other."

:''Maria og Peter blev forlovet''; "Mary and Peter got engaged [to each other]."

(The hypothetical form **kysses (kiss each other) is not often&mdash;if ever&mdash;seen in Danish; however, it will likely be understood by most native speakers, indicating that the mediopassive voice is still at the very least potentially productive in Danish. An expression like "de kysses uafladeligt" (they kiss each other all the time) could very well be used for humorous purposes.)

===Autocausative===
{{see also|Autocausative verb}}

"Autocausative" reflexive denotes that the (usually animate) "referent represented by the subject combines the activity of actor and undergoes a change of state as a patient":<ref name=Parry/>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Language
!Examples
!Compare
|-
!English
|Peter ''became/was offended''.
|Paul ''offended'' Peter.
|-
!French
|{{lang|fr|Pierre ''<u>s'</u>est vexé''.|italic=unset}}
|{{lang|fr|Paul ''a vexé'' Pierre.|italic=unset}}
|-
!Spanish
|Pedro ''<u>se</u> ofendió''.
|-
!Italian
|Pietro ''<u>si</u> offese''.
|-
!Catalan
|En Pere ''<u>es</u> va ofendre''.
|-
!Galician
|Pedro ''ofendeu<u>se</u>''.
|-
!Romanian
|Petre ''<u>s-</u>a supărat''.
|-
!Serbo-Croatian
|Petar ''<u>se</u> uvrijedio''.
|-
!Slovene
|Peter ''<u>se</u> je užalil''.
|-
!Bulgarian
|Петър ''<u>се</u> обиди.''<br>Petăr ''<u>se</u> obidi.''
|-
!Polish
|Piotr ''<u>się</u> obraził''.
|-
!Russian
|Пётр ''обидел<u>ся</u>''.<br>Pjotr ''obidel<u>sja</u>''.
|-
!German
|Peter ''ärgerte <u>sich</u>''.
|-
!Lithuanian
|Petras ''įsižeidė''.
|}

===Anticausative===
{{see also|Anticausative verb}}

"Anticausative" reflexive denotes that the (usually inanimate) subject of the verb undergoes an action or change of state whose agent is unclear or nonexistent.<ref name="Parry">{{cite journal |last1=Parry |first1=M. |year=1998 |title=The reinterpretation of the reflexive in Piedmontese: <nowiki>'impersonal'</nowiki>''SE'' constructions |journal=Transactions of the Philological Society |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=63–116 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119115425/abstract |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105092749/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119115425/abstract |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-05 |doi=10.1111/1467-968X.00024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Language
!Examples
!Compare
|-
!English
|The door ''opened.''
|Paul ''opened'' the door.
|-
!French
|{{lang|fr|La porte ''<u>s'</u>est ouverte''.|italic=unset}}
|{{lang|fr|Paul ''a ouvert'' la porte.|italic=unset}}
|-
!Spanish
|La puerta ''se abrió''.
|-
!Portuguese
|A porta ''abriu-se''.
|-
!Italian
|La porta ''si aprì''.
|-
!Catalan
|La porta ''es va obrir''.
|-
!Galician
|A porta ''abriu<u>se</u>''.
|-
!Romanian
|Ușa ''<u>s-</u>a deschis''.
|-
!Serbo-Croatian
|Vrata su ''se otvorila''.
|-
!Slovene
|Vrata so ''se odprla''.
|-
!Bulgarian
|Вратата ''се отвори.''<br>Vratata ''se otvori.''
|-
!Polish
|Drzwi ''się otworzyły''.
|-
!Russian
|Дверь ''открылась''.<br>Dver' ''otkrylas'''.
|-
!German
|Die Tür ''öffnete sich.''
|-
!Lithuanian
|Durys ''atsidarė''.
|}

===Intransitive or impersonal===
{{see also|Impersonal passive voice|Mediopassive voice}}

"Intransitive" forms (also known as "impersonal reflexive" or "mediopassive") are obtained by attaching the reflexive pronoun to intransitive verbs. The grammatical subject is either omitted (in [[pro-drop language]]s) or is a [[dummy pronoun]] (otherwise). Thus, those verbs are [[defective verb|defective]], as they have only the 3rd person singular (masculine or neuter, depending on language) form.

In Slavic languages, practically "the only condition is that they can be construed as having a human agent. The applied human agent can be generic, or loosely specified collective or individual."<ref name="Djurkovic">{{cite web|url=http://www.rceal.cam.ac.uk/Publications/Working/Vol10/Djurkovic.pdf|title=Passive and Impersonal in English and Serbian|author=Milja Djurkovic|publisher=Research Centre for English and Applied Linguistics University of Cambridge|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008154658/http://www.rceal.cam.ac.uk/Publications/Working/Vol10/Djurkovic.pdf|archive-date=2006-10-08}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Language
!colspan=2|Examples
|-
!Spanish
|Aquí ''se trabaja'' bien.
|''Se dice'' que...
|-
!Portuguese
|Aqui ''trabalha-se'' bem.
|''Diz-se'' que...
|-
!Italian
|Qui ''si lavora'' bene.
|''Si dice'' che...
|-
!French
|{{lang|fr|Ça ''se vend'' bien.|italic=unset}}
|{{lang|fr|Il ''se murmure'' que...|italic=unset}}
|-
!Catalan
|Aquí ''es treballa'' bé.
|''Hom/Es diu'' que...
|-
!Galician
|Aquí ''trabállase'' ben.
|''Dise'' que...
|-
!Romanian
|Aici ''se muncește'' bine.
|''Se zice'' că...
|-
!Serbo-Croatian
|Tu ''se radi'' dobro.
|''Smatra se'' da...
|-
!Slovene
|Tu ''se'' dobro ''dela''.
|''Razume se'', da...
|-
!Bulgarian
|Тук ''се работи'' добре.<br>Tuk ''se raboti'' dobre.
|''Смята се'', че...<br>''Smyata se'', če...
|-
!Polish
|Tu ''pracuje się'' dobrze.
|''Uważa się'', że...
|-
!Russian
|Здесь хорошо ''работается''.<br>Zdes' khorosho ''rabotajetsja''.
|''Думается'', что...<br>''Dumajetsja'', chto...
|-
! rowspan="2"|Lithuanian
|Žmonės čia gerai ''darbuojasi''.
| rowspan="2"|''Manoma'', kad...
|-
|Čia gerai ''darbuojamasi''.
|-
!German
|''Es arbeitet sich'' hier gut.
|''Man sagt sich'', dass...
|-
!English
|''[People] work'' well here.
|It ''is considered'' that...
|}

In many cases, there is a semantic overlap between impersonal/anticausative/autocausative constructs and the [[passive voice]] (also present in all Romance and Slavic languages).<ref name="Djurkovic"/> On one hand, impersonal reflexive constructs have a wider scope of application, as they are not limited to transitive verbs like the canonical passive voice. On the other hand, those constructs can have slight semantic difference or [[markedness]].

===Inherent===
"Inherent" or "pronominal" (''inherently'' or ''essentially'') reflexive verbs lack the corresponding non-reflexive from which they can be synchronically derived.<ref name=Parry/> In other words, the reflexive pronoun "is an inherent part of an [[Unaccusative verb|unergative]] reflexive or reciprocal verb with no meaning of its own, and an obligatory part of the verb's lexical entry":<ref>{{cite journal|title=Alternating unaccusative verbs in Slovene|first=Sabina|last=Grahek| journal=Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics|url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/linguistics/WPL/WP2002/Grahek.pdf|pages=57–72|volume=9|year=2002 |access-date=July 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608223939/www.leeds.ac.uk/linguistics/WPL/WP2002/Grahek.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-08}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Language
!colspan=4|Examples
|-
!Spanish
|Pedro ''se arrepintió''.
|Pedro ''se ríe''<ref group="N" name=b/>
|María y Pedro ''se separaron''.<ref group="N" name=b>The verb is reflexive, but not inherently.  Both have non-reflexive forms: the transitive ''separar'' and the intransitive ''reír''. In Lithuanian ''išsiskirti'' and ''skųstis'' have non-reflexive forms: transitive ''išskirti'' and transitive ''skųsti''.</ref>
|Pedro ''se queja''.
|-
!French
|{{lang|fr|Pierre ''s'est repenti''.|italic=unset}}
|{{lang|fr|Pierre ''se marre''.|italic=unset}} (informal)
|{{lang|fr|Marie et Pierre ''se sont séparés''.|italic=unset}}
|{{lang|fr|Pierre ''se lamente''.|italic=unset}}
|-
!Italian
|Pietro ''si pentì''.
|<ref group ="N" name=d>The corresponding verb is not reflexive.</ref>
|Maria e Pietro ''si separarono''.<ref group="N" name=b/>
|Pietro ''si lamenta''.<ref group="N" name=c/>
|-
!Catalan
|En Pere ''es va penedir''.
|<ref group ="N" name=d>The corresponding verb is not reflexive.</ref>
|La Maria i en Pere ''es van separar''.<ref group="N" name=b/>
|En Pere ''es lamenta''.
|-
!Galician
|Pedro ''arrepentiuse''.
|
|
|Pedro ''laméntase''.
|-
!Serbo-Croatian
|Petar ''se pokajao''.
|Petar ''se smije''.
|Marija i Petar su ''se rastali''.
|Petar ''se žali''.<ref group="N" name=c/>
|-
!Slovene
|Peter ''se kesa''.
|Peter ''se smeji''.
|Marija in Petar sta ''se razšla''.
|Peter ''se pritožuje''.<ref group="N" name=c/>
|-
!Bulgarian
|Петър ''се разкая.''<br>Petăr ''se razkaya.''
|Петър ''се смее.''<br>Petăr ''se smee.''
|Мария и Петър ''се разделиха''.<br>Mariya i Petăr ''se razdeliha''.
|Петър ''се жалва''.<br>Petăr ''se žalva''.
|-
!Polish
|Piotr ''się pokajał''.
|Piotr ''się śmieje''.
|Maria i Piotr ''się rozstali''.
|Piotr ''żali się''.<ref group="N" name=c>Only the Spanish ''quejarse'' exists only in reflexive form (cf. the [[Latin language|Latin]] [[deponent verb]] ''queror'', I complain); however, in other languages, the corresponding non-reflexive verb has a different meaning, like "lament" or "mourn".</ref>
|-
!Russian
|Пётр ''раскаялся''.<br>Pjotr ''raskajalsja''.
|Пётр ''cмеётся''.<br>Pjotr ''smejotsja''.
|Мария и Пётр ''расстались''.<br>Marija i Pjotr ''rasstalis'''.
|Пётр ''жалуeтся''.<ref group="N" name=c/><br>Pjotr ''zhalujetsja''.
|-
!Lithuanian
|Petras ''atsiprašė''.
|Petras ''juokiasi''.
|Marija ir Petras ''išsiskyrė''.<ref group="N" name=b/>
|Petras ''skundžiasi''.<ref group="N" name=b/>
|-
!English
|Peter ''repented''.
|Peter ''laughs''.
|Mary and Peter ''parted''.
|Peter ''complains''.
|}

{{reflist|group=N}}